Body Fat Distribution, Adipocyte Size, and Metabolic Characteristics of Nondiabetic Adults

Mundi, Manpreet S.; Karpyak, Maksym V.; Koutsari, Christina; Votruba, Susanne B.; O’Brien, Peter C.; Jensen, Michael D.

doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1353

Cited by 42 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…These results indirectly suggest that during weight gain, lower-body adipose tissues tend to expand through hyperplasia in women, but through hypertrophy in men (560,563). Accordingly, lower-body subcutaneous adipocytes of women tend to be larger than those of men for any given adiposity level, while sex differences in abdominal subcutaneous adipocyte size are less apparent (165,384,560,561).…”

Section: B Adipocyte Sizementioning

confidence: 89%

“…In general, mean adipocyte sizes from all anatomical locations and in both sexes increase along with adiposity level, but reach a plateau in massively obese individuals (13,57,221,384,549,560,615) (FIGURE 7). This plateau indirectly suggests that the presence of large adipocytes may trigger the generation of new adipocytes to store excess dietary fat (351).…”

Section: B Adipocyte Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

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Pathophysiology of Human Visceral Obesity: An Update

Tchernof

Després

2013

Physiological Reviews

1,977

1,613

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LTchernof A, Després J-P. Pathophysiology of Human Visceral Obesity: An Update. Physiol Rev 93: 359 -404, 2013; doi:10.1152/physrev.00033.2011.-Excess intra-abdominal adipose tissue accumulation, often termed visceral obesity, is part of a phenotype including dysfunctional subcutaneous adipose tissue expansion and ectopic triglyceride storage closely related to clustering cardiometabolic risk factors. Hypertriglyceridemia; increased free fatty acid availability; adipose tissue release of proinflammatory cytokines; liver insulin resistance and inflammation; increased liver VLDL synthesis and secretion; reduced clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins; presence of small, dense LDL particles; and reduced HDL cholesterol levels are among the many metabolic alterations closely related to this condition. Age, gender, genetics, and ethnicity are broad etiological factors contributing to variation in visceral adipose tissue accumulation. Specific mechanisms responsible for proportionally increased visceral fat storage when facing positive energy balance and weight gain may involve sex hormones, local cortisol production in abdominal adipose tissues, endocannabinoids, growth hormone, and dietary fructose. Physiological characteristics of abdominal adipose tissues such as adipocyte size and number, lipolytic responsiveness, lipid storage capacity, and inflammatory cytokine production are significant correlates and even possible determinants of the increased cardiometabolic risk associated with visceral obesity. Thiazolidinediones, estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women, and testosterone replacement in androgen-deficient men have been shown to favorably modulate body fat distribution and cardiometabolic risk to various degrees. However, some of these therapies must now be considered in the context of their serious side effects. Lifestyle interventions leading to weight loss generally induce preferential mobilization of visceral fat. In clinical practice, measuring waist circumference in addition to the body mass index could be helpful for the identification and management of a subgroup of overweight or obese patients at high cardiometabolic risk.

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Section: B Adipocyte Sizementioning

confidence: 89%

Section: B Adipocyte Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Pathophysiology of Human Visceral Obesity: An Update

Tchernof

Després

2013

Physiological Reviews

1,977

1,613

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…5 Taken together, these findings suggest that beyond some threshold, the expansion of adipose tissue mass in obesity occurs primarily through an increase in adipocyte number. 28 An upper cell size limit implies a limit for hypertrophic tissue growth as a mechanism to accommodate lipid storage in obesity, when caloric intake chronically exceeds utilization. As adipose tissue depots vary in their hyperplastic potential, the hypertrophic growth limit could explain the redistribution of fat, including the ectopic storage of triglycerides outside of adipose tissue depots observed in obese subjects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adipocyte Induction of Preadipocyte Differentiation in a Gradient Chamber

Lai

Sims²,

Jeon³

et al. 2012

Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods

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Adipose tissue expansion involves enlargement of mature adipocytes and the formation of new adipocytes through the differentiation of locally resident preadipocytes. Factors released by the enlarged adipocytes are potential cues that induce the differentiation of the preadipocytes. Currently, there are limited options to investigate these cues in isolation from confounding systemic influences. A gradient generating microfluidic channel-based cell culture system was designed to enable solution patterning, while supporting long-term culture and differentiation of preadipocytes. Solution patterning was confirmed by selectively staining a fraction of uniformly seeded preadipocytes. An adipogenic cocktail gradient was used to induce the differentiation of a fraction of uniformly seeded preadipocytes and establish a spatially defined coculture of adipocytes and preadipocytes. Varying the adipogenic cocktail gradient generated cocultures of preadipocytes and adipocytes with different compositions. Transient application of the cocktail gradient, followed by basal medium treatment showed a biphasic induction of differentiation. The two phases of differentiation correlated with a spatial gradient in adipocyte size. Our results provide in vitro data supporting the size-dependent release of preadipocyte differentiation factors by enlarged adipocytes. Prospectively, the coculture system developed in this study could facilitate controlled, yet physiologically meaningful studies on paracrine interactions between adipocytes and preadipocytes during adipose tissue development.

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“…10,12 Simulation conditions The predicted fat mass values obtained from the BCM are for whole body fat changes, but subcutaneous fat and visceral fat have distinct functions. 19 In particular, male and female humans have different ratios 15 of the 2 kinds of adipose tissue. It is essential to distinguish between the 2.…”

Section: Cost Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They play different roles in the development of insulin resistance, 19 and have slightly different cell distribution profiles in obese insulin resistant women. 24 Typically biopsy samples are obtained from subcutaneous fat, which may not reflect the actual cell-size distributions in visceral fat.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%