Body size influences differently the detectabilities of colour morphs of cryptic prey

Karpestam, Einat; Merilaita, Sami; Forsman, Anders

doi:10.1111/bij.12291

Cited by 28 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…A larger body size could increase detectability by predators (Remmel & Tammaru, 2009;Karpestam et al, 2014), whereas increased body size could limit the size of their predators or, for aposematic species, magnify the warning signals to deter predators (Nilsson & Forsman, 2003). A larger body size could increase detectability by predators (Remmel & Tammaru, 2009;Karpestam et al, 2014), whereas increased body size could limit the size of their predators or, for aposematic species, magnify the warning signals to deter predators (Nilsson & Forsman, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies demonstrated that larger prey sizes generally suffer from higher predation rates, but the predation rate may or may not vary according to the morphological (coloration) characteristics in a given environment (Remmel & Tammaru, 2009;Karpestam et al, 2014). Hence, we also considered different prey sizes and their interaction effects on the effectiveness of camouflage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dark butterflies camouflaged from predation in dark tropical forest understories

Cheng

Xing

Chen

et al. 2018

Ecological Entomology

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1. Morphological characteristics, especially coloration, are related to thermoregulation and camouflage, both of which are crucial for species survival and fitness. In cool environments such as the understorey of closed rainforests, darker organisms have thermal advantages and may be able to absorb heat more efficiently. However, such habitats are also suitable for darker organisms with respect to camouflage, making it difficult to elucidate whether the association of dark-coloured organisms with shady environments is a consequence of thermal stress or predation pressure, or both.2. In this study, butterfly communities were surveyed and artificial butterflies (mealworms attached to plastic sheeting to mimic adult butterflies) used to test whether differences in wing luminance are related to predation rates within open and closed habitats in monsoonal tropical forests of southwestern China.3. Using artificial butterflies, significantly lower predation rates were found for dark-coloured artificial butterflies within closed habitats, whereas such relationships were not found within open habitats. It was found that actual butterfly communities were also significantly darker in closed than in open habitats.4. These results demonstrate that darker colours may have the effect of reducing predation rates in shady environments and that different habitat types can have contrasting effects on luminance and therefore predation risk.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dark butterflies camouflaged from predation in dark tropical forest understories

Cheng

Xing

Chen

et al. 2018

Ecological Entomology

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“…The positive effects of functional diversity on colonization success, stability, and persistence of populations (Forsman, , ; Forsman, Betzholtz, & Franzén, ; Forsman & Wennersten, ; Hughes et al., ; Karpestam et al., ) are probably sufficiently strong to outbalance the eroding effect of drift. Additionally, opposing selection in males and females (Forsman, ; Forsman & Appelqvist, ; Karpestam, Merilaita, & Forsman, ) together with the promiscuous mating behavior of pygmy grasshoppers (Caesar, Ahnesjö, & Forsman, ; Johansson, Caesar, & Forsman, ) may prevent the erosion of functional genetic diversity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrasting patterns of neutral and functional genetic diversity in stable and disturbed environments

Yıldırım

Tinnert

Forsman

2018

Ecology and Evolution

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Genetic structure among and diversity within natural populations is influenced by a combination of ecological and evolutionary processes. These processes can differently influence neutral and functional genetic diversity and also vary according to environmental settings. To investigate the roles of interacting processes as drivers of population‐level genetic diversity in the wild, we compared neutral and functional structure and diversity between 20 Tetrix undulata pygmy grasshopper populations in disturbed and stable habitats. Genetic differentiation was evident among the different populations, but there was no genetic separation between stable and disturbed environments. The incidence of long‐winged phenotypes was higher in disturbed habitats, indicating that these populations were recently established by flight‐capable colonizers. Color morph diversity and dispersion of outlier genetic diversity, estimated using AFLP markers, were higher in disturbed than in stable environments, likely reflecting that color polymorphism and variation in other functionally important traits increase establishment success. Neutral genetic diversity estimated using AFLP markers was lower in disturbed habitats, indicating stronger eroding effects on neutral diversity of genetic drift associated with founding events in disturbed compared to stable habitats. Functional diversity and neutral diversity were negatively correlated across populations, highlighting the utility of outlier loci in genetics studies and reinforcing that estimates of genetic diversity based on neutral markers do not infer evolutionary potential and the ability of populations and species to cope with environmental change.

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“…; Karlsson et al . ) and perhaps even body size (Karpestam, Merilaita & Forsman ). If these traits also serve as the cue for the detection by a human observer, then intrinsic heterogeneity in detectability will potentially be present in the surveyed populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intrinsic heterogeneity in detection probability and its effect on N‐mixture models

2016

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1. Estimating the abundance or density of animal populations is often a fundamental task in ecological research and species conservation. N-mixture models are widely used to estimate the detection probability of individual organisms that thusly leads to more accurate estimates of a species' true abundance. However, individuals likely vary in their probabilities of being detected. During a survey, heterogeneity (variation) in individual detection probability might arise due to conditions of the surveying process; this form of extrinsic heterogeneity can be accounted for by the use of appropriate covariates in the models. In contrast, intrinsic heterogeneity in the detection probabilities of individuals arises when intraspecific variation in behaviour results in individual organisms differing in their latent (inherent) probabilities of being detected. This form of heterogeneity is not tractable by the use of covariates and its possible effects on model performance have not been investigated to date. 2. Using simulated data, we evaluated the performance of Poisson, negative binomial and zero-inflated Poisson versions of N-mixture models under the conditions of intrinsic heterogeneity in individual detection probability. 3. Most versions of N-mixture models performed well in estimating abundance as indicated by relatively low root-mean-square-error values (RMSE < 1). Error distributions indicated a lack of substantial bias and relatively high precision and accuracy when simulated detection probabilities of individuals were high (>0Á5) and heterogeneity was random. Otherwise, with structured heterogeneity (particularly positive density dependence) and low detection probabilities (<0Á5), model performance was reduced (RMSE > 2). The poorest performing model was the zero-inflated Poisson version of N-mixture model applied to data from low survey effort. 4. Our results suggest that N-mixture models are robust to intrinsic heterogeneity in individual detection probabilities except when the detection probabilities are low. When model-estimated detection probabilities are low (<0Á5), model users should be aware that estimates of abundance could be erroneous if there was non-random intrinsic heterogeneity in individual detection probabilities during the surveys. Remedying this situation might require redesigning the basic survey protocol such that it does not rely on behavioural traits (as cues to detection) that are intrinsically variable among individuals.

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Body size influences differently the detectabilities of colour morphs of cryptic prey

Cited by 28 publications

References 54 publications

Dark butterflies camouflaged from predation in dark tropical forest understories

Dark butterflies camouflaged from predation in dark tropical forest understories

Contrasting patterns of neutral and functional genetic diversity in stable and disturbed environments

Intrinsic heterogeneity in detection probability and its effect on N‐mixture models

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