Boesenbergia pandurata application in Goldfish (Cyprinus carpio) Feed to Enhancing Fish Growth, Immunity System, and Resistance to Bacterial Infection

Abstract

Background: This study investigated how the inclusion of Boesenbergia pandurata extract (BPE) in goldfish feed affects fish growth, immunity, and resistance to infection by Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Methods: Four fish feeds, were prepared by adding BPE at the concentrations of 0 (control), 2, 4, and 6 g kg-1, respectively, and 120 goldfish (Cyprinus carpio; initial weight 5 g) were separated into 12 boxes and fed with specific pellets and examined thrice. The experiment lasted 12 weeks, beginning with the different feeds, fish growth was measured at Weeks 4 and 8 after the feeding period. Moreover, a challenge test with pathogen bacteria to assay disease resistance was administered at Week 8 after the feeding period, and the survival rate and relative percentage of survival were quantified at Week 12. Results: At Week 8, the goldfish that were fed BPE-containing feeds were significantly heavier than the fish that received the control feed (pellet without BPE), and the highest weight gain, reaching 72.44 g, was obtained with Pellet 3; accordingly, the specific growth rate after BPE treatment (5.7%) was higher than that after control treatment. Conversely, the feed conversion ratio in the control group, 2.03, was higher than the ratios in the BPE groups, which were decreased to 0.55–0.90. Lastly, BPE treatment consistently enhanced the immunity parameters of goldfish (relative to control treatment) at weeks 4 and 8, and following BPE treatment, the rate of resistance against bacterial infection, 68.3%–77.0%, was higher than that after control treatment. Conclusions: BPE addition in goldfish feed clearly produces a positive effect by enhancing fish growth, immunity, and resistance to infection by pathogenic bacteria, and 4 g kg-1 is the optimal BPE concentration in feed prepared for goldfish.

Traditional polyculture as a mangrove restoration solution in Delta Mahakam, East Kalimantan Indonesia

“…The use of crude extract has multiple effects on fish and shrimp, hampering bacterial pathogens [15,16], worm parasites [19], and viruses [20] and improving the immune systems of fish and shrimp [21][22][23]. Some research has even shown that plant extract can be prebiotics and synbiotics [26] which are excellent for improving growth [14,22,26,27,28] and the quality of water [29,30].…”

A Comparison of the Silvofishery Models for Mangrove Restoration in East Kalimantan

“…One of the save methods to increase production in shrimp pond is through the use of sour eggplant (Solanum ferox), finger root (Boesenbergia pandurate), and lempuyang (Zingiber zerumbet) extracts. These three plants have phytochemicals, namely flavonoid and alkaloid with antibacterial and immunostimulant functions [7][8][9][10][11].…”

Antiparasitic Activity of Single Solanum ferox Extract and Concoction with Zingiber zerumbet and Boesenbergia pandurata Extracts to Control Argulus sp. on Goldfish (Cyprinus carpio)

“…One of the potential antiparasitic plants is sour eggplant, which contains solasodine, a steroidal glycoalkaloid compound. Some studies have shown that solasodine has antifungal [19,20], antibacterial [21][22][23][24]47,48], anticancer [25,26,45,46], and antiparasitic potencies as well as several other important activities [27].…”

“…that infects goldfish (C. carpio). These three extracts have been widely found to have antibacterial effects against Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Vibrio harveyi, and V. haemolytic [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]47,48]. Various contents (e.g., alkaloids, flavonoids, solasodine, zerumbet, and panduratin) are secondary metabolic materials in these three extracts capable of negatively affecting pathogens (e.g., bacteria, fungi, protozoa, crustacea, nematodes).…”