Bone and Lean Tissue Changes Following Cranial Cruciate Ligament Transection and Stifle Stabilization

Francis, D. A.; Millis, Darryl L.; Head, Laurie L.

doi:10.5326/0420127

Cited by 17 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Agnello et al, 29 using a canine cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) transection model, reported a sustained 12–19% decrease in BMD on the medial and lateral aspects of the tibial plateau at time points up to 12 months. Francis et al 30 reported 15.3% and 14.8% reductions in the bone mineral content of the proximal and distal tibia respectively at 10 weeks after extracapsular repair for CCL deficiency. We found changes in BMD were generally similar in the medial and lateral compartment, although BMD values started to recover on the medial side earlier than on the lateral side.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cemented Total Knee Replacement in 24 Dogs: Surgical Technique, Clinical Results, and Complications

et al. 2009

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cemented Total Knee Replacement in 24 Dogs: Surgical Technique, Clinical Results, and Complications

et al. 2009

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“…Medications can have beneficial effects on inflammation, degradation, nociception, and synovial fluid rheologic and biologic properties 103–105 . Physical rehabilitation can improve range of motion, muscle mass, and weight‐bearing function in dogs with CCL disease 66,97,106,107,108 . These factors used in conjunction can augment the positive adaptational responses noted in canine CCL disease and some anecdotal evidence suggests that they may obviate the need for stabilization procedures for certain cohorts in the CCL disease spectrum of patients 72,73 .…”

Section: What Clinically Relevant Implications Does This Have?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease in Dogs: Biology versus Biomechanics

Cook

2010

Veterinary Surgery

103

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The stifle joint of dogs is an organ comprised of multiple tissue types that must work in concert to maintain joint health and function. Cruciate disease in dogs is caused by a spectrum of causal and risk factors that result in a final common pathway of abnormal biomechanics and abnormal biology causing osteoarthritis, or organ failure, of the stifle and the clinical signs of lameness, pain, and limb dysfunction. It is vital to understand the components of the biologic and biomechanical pathologies to improve our understanding of cruciate disease in dogs so that we can improve preventative, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies for our canine patients.

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“…191 Results of this study revealed muscle atrophy of the surgical leg by 2 weeks, with muscle mass beginning to return between 4 and 8 weeks, but significant atrophy was still present 8 weeks after surgery. In an experimental study, dogs had a CCL transected, followed by immediate stabilization with an extracapsular procedure.…”

Section: Cranial Cruciate Ligament Injurymentioning

confidence: 59%

Responses of Musculoskeletal Tissues to Disuse and Remobilization

Millis¹

2014

Canine Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy

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P atients afflicted with neurologic, orthopedic, metabolic, and other diseases frequently have reduced weight bearing and use of limbs. In addition, some conditions may be treated with splints, casts, or other coaptation devices, resulting in decreased limb use. The tissues most affected by disuse and immobilization are cartilage, joint capsule, muscle, ligament, tendon, and bone. Knowledge of how these tissues respond to disuse and immobilization, the types of deleterious tissue changes, and the time frame over which these changes occur, are important in understanding the need for physical rehabilitation. For example, stress deprivation of joints results in proliferation of connective tissue within the joint space, adhesions between synovial folds, adherence of connective tissue to cartilage surfaces, atrophy of cartilage, reduced proteoglycan (PG) content, ulceration at points of cartilage to cartilage contact, disorganization of cellular and fibrillar ligament alignment, reduced collagen mass, increased ligament compliance, weakened ligament insertion sites, reduced load-to-failure and energy-absorbing capacity of the bone-ligament-bone complex, and osteoporosis of the involved extremity. 1 Rehabilitation of patients with acute or chronic neurologic or orthopedic conditions involves the application of controlled challenges to tissues to improve strength, condition, and function. It is important to understand how to safely remobilize tissues after injury and a period of immobilization. Rehabilitation must sufficiently challenge tissues to enhance and positively influence their recovery and healing. However, if tissues are overchallenged, they may be damaged, ultimately delaying recovery or cause additional injury. There must be a balance between the simultaneous demands for protection against undue stress to facilitate healing, and the need for stress to attenuate atrophy of musculoskeletal tissues. 2 A review of these concepts forms the basis for a rational approach to developing rehabilitation programs. CartilageDisorders of articular cartilage and joints are some of the most common and debilitating diseases encountered in veterinary practice. Understanding the normal structure and function of articular cartilage is a prerequisite to understanding the pathologic processes. The mechanical properties of articular cartilage arise from the complex structure and interactions of its biochemical constituents. The viscoelastic properties of cartilage, primarily resulting from fluid flow through the solid matrix, explain deformational responses observed during loading. For example, cartilage that is loaded rapidly is stiffer than the same cartilage that is loaded slowly. Degenerative processes include the breakdown of normal constituents of cartilage, especially the collagen network and PGs, which affects the mechanics of fluid flow through cartilage. Factors contributing to such breakdown include direct trauma, obesity, immobilization, and excessive repetitive loading of the cartilage. Training activities, without tr...

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Bone and Lean Tissue Changes Following Cranial Cruciate Ligament Transection and Stifle Stabilization

Cited by 17 publications

References 33 publications

Cemented Total Knee Replacement in 24 Dogs: Surgical Technique, Clinical Results, and Complications

Cemented Total Knee Replacement in 24 Dogs: Surgical Technique, Clinical Results, and Complications

Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease in Dogs: Biology versus Biomechanics

Responses of Musculoskeletal Tissues to Disuse and Remobilization

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