Bone Mass in Children: Normative Values for the 2-20-Year-Old Population

Zanchetta, J. R.; Plotkin, Horacio; Filgueira, M. L. Alvarez

doi:10.1016/8756-3282(95)00082-o

Cited by 88 publications

(40 citation statements)

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“…During pubertal development, the reference values increase as seen in Table 4 [9,10]. This increase is progressive and more marked from Tanner stage III onwards.…”

Section: Key Pointsmentioning

confidence: 70%

Diagnosis of Osteoporosis in Children

Chiarpenello¹

2016

Endocrinol Metab Syndr

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Since the endorsed use of pediatric bone software to assess bone mass through DXA in the 1990s, some concepts have been established to arrive at a correct interpretation of bone mineral density in this population. This review describes all elements that should be considered when diagnosing bone mineral density diminished for age. The use of the Z-score instead of the T-score and the history of bone fractures (only fractures of long bones and vertebral crushing are considered clinically relevant) are discussed. The evaluation of BMD (Bone Mineral Density) values by DXA according to pubertal stage, sex, and bone age is clarified. In addition mention is made of diseases which must be ruled out by clinical and biochemical parameters; the latter vary according to age and sex, so that the normal reference value for adults should not be used.

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“…During pubertal development, the reference values increase as seen in Table 4 [9,10]. This increase is progressive and more marked from Tanner stage III onwards.…”

Section: Key Pointsmentioning

confidence: 70%

Diagnosis of Osteoporosis in Children

Chiarpenello¹

2016

Endocrinol Metab Syndr

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“…Although not statistically significant, gains observed (33 and 29% for the FESC and PC groups, respectively) were larger than would be expected owing to growth. 20 In children with typical development, hip BMD increases approximately 0.01-0.04 g cm À2 per year until age 11 years (approximately 3% per year), after which increases can be greater (approximately 0.02-0.10 g cm…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of cycling and/or electrical stimulation on bone mineral density in children with spinal cord injury

et al. 2011

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Study design: Randomized clinical trial. Objectives: To determine the effect of cycling and/or electrical stimulation on hip and knee bone mineral density (BMD) in children with spinal cord injury (SCI). Setting: Children's hospital specializing in pediatric SCI. Methods: A total of 30 children, aged 5-13 years, with chronic SCI were randomized to one of three interventions: functional electrical stimulation cycling (FESC), passive cycling (PC), and non-cycling, electrically stimulated exercise (ES). Each group exercised for 1 h, three times per week for 6 months at home. The hip, distal femur and proximal tibia BMD were examined via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) pre-and post-intervention. Results: In all, 28 children completed data collection. The FESC group exhibited increases in hip, distal femur and proximal tibia BMD of 32.4, 6.62 and 10.3%, respectively. The PC group exhibited increases at the hip (29.2%), but no change at the distal femur (1.5%) or proximal tibia (À1.0%). The ES group had no change at the hip (À0.24%) and distal femur (3.3%), but a loss at the proximal tibia (À7.06%). There were no differences between groups or within groups over time. Significant negative correlations were found between baseline BMD and the amount of BMD change. Conclusion: Although not achieving statistical significance, hip BMD changes observed were greater than the reported 0.9-10% gains after exercise for children with and without disability. Thus, cycling with and without electrical stimulation may be beneficial for skeletal health in pediatric SCI, but further research is needed with a larger sample size.

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“…[22][23][24] After closure of growth plates, joint size and hyaline cartilage material properties cannot, under normal conditions, be further increased. 21,25,26 Therefore, the higher F m1LH in women with higher body fat percentage as compared with women with lower body fat percentage might be indicative of a larger joint size and, consequently, higher absolute bone mass and strength would be expected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of body composition and serum inflammatory markers on the functional muscle–bone unit in premenopausal women

et al. 2017

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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: A number of recent studies dealing with the relationship between the effects of high body mass (BM) and fat mass (FM) on bone mass and strength exhibit a range of contrasting variations in their findings. These diverse findings have led to an ongoing controversy as to whether high BM and FM positively or negatively affect bone mass and strength. Excessive FM and the associated low-grade inflammation might overturn the higher mechanical stimulus arising from a higher BM. Therefore, we aimed at quantifying the functional muscle-bone unit in premenopausal women with markedly diverging body composition. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Sixty-four young women with BMs ranging from 50 to 113 kg and body fat percentages between 20.7% and 51.8% underwent jumping mechanography and peripheral quantitative computed tomography measurements. Maximum voluntary ground reaction force during multiple one-legged hopping (F m1LH ), as well as bone characteristics at 4, 14 and 38% of tibia length, were determined. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and serum inflammatory markers were analyzed from blood samples. RESULTS: F m1LH predicted volumetric bone mineral content at the 14% site by 48.7%. Women with high body fat percentage had significantly higher F m1LH , significantly lower relative bone mass, relative bone strength and relative bone area, as well as higher serum inflammatory markers in comparison to women with lower body fat percentage. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, high body fat percentage was associated with lower relative bone mass and strength despite normal habitual muscle force in premenopausal women, indicating that high body fat percentage compromised the functional musclebone unit in these individuals.

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Bone Mass in Children: Normative Values for the 2-20-Year-Old Population

Cited by 88 publications

References 0 publications

Diagnosis of Osteoporosis in Children

Diagnosis of Osteoporosis in Children

Effects of cycling and/or electrical stimulation on bone mineral density in children with spinal cord injury

The effect of body composition and serum inflammatory markers on the functional muscle–bone unit in premenopausal women

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