Bone Response to Surface-Modified Titanium Implants: Studies on the Early Tissue Response to Implants with Different Surface Characteristics

Abstract

In a series of experimental studies, the bone formation around systematically modified titanium implants is analyzed. In the present study, three different surface modifications were prepared and evaluated. Glow-discharge cleaning and oxidizing resulted in a highly stoichiometric TiO2 surface, while a glow-discharge treatment in nitrogen gas resulted in implants with essentially a surface of titanium nitride, covered with a very thin titanium oxide. Finally, hydrogen peroxide treatment of implants resulted in an almost stoichiometric TiO2, rich in hydroxyl groups on the surface. Machined commercially pure titanium implants served as controls. Scanning Auger Electron Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Atomic Force Microscopy revealed no significant differences in oxide thickness or surface roughness parameters, but differences in the surface chemical composition and apparent topography were observed. After surface preparation, the implants were inserted in cortical bone of rabbits and evaluated after 1, 3, and 6 weeks. Light microscopic evaluation of the tissue response showed that all implants were in contact with bone and had a large proportion of newly formed bone within the threads after 6 weeks. There were no morphological differences between the four groups. Our study shows that a high degree of bone contact and bone formation can be achieved with titanium implants of different surface composition and topography.

Direct Metal Laser Sintering Titanium Dental Implants: A Review of the Current Literature

“…In vitro reports indicate that rough surfaces improve the initial cellular response, including cytoskeletal organization and cellular differentiation with matrix deposition [ 1 – 3 , 8 , 9 ]. Histologically, it has been demonstrated that rough surfaces can effectively promote better and faster osseointegration, when compared to machined surfaces [ 11 , 12 ]. From a clinical point of view, several studies have reported excellent long-term survival/success rates for rough surface implants [ 5 , 7 , 13 ].…”

A laminin‐211‐derived bioactive peptide promotes the osseointegration of a sandblasted, large‐grit, acid‐etched titanium implant

“…Another important finding in this study was that bone formation was markedly increased in the rabbit tibia model at approximately 10 days after implant insertion. Previous investigations have indicated that bone formation at 7 days after implant surgery is rare, whereas many studies have reported similar degrees of bone formation between modified Ti surfaces after 14 days (Jimbo et al, ; Kang et al, ; Larsson Wexell et al, ; Yeo et al, ). We anticipated a “burst” in bone formation between 7 and 14 days with regard to bone healing around an implant.…”

“…For the clinical application of the Ln2‐P3 treatment, studies with a long follow‐up period are needed. Many rabbit tibia model studies have notably shown no significant histomorphometric differences between modified Ti implant surfaces at >2 weeks after implant insertion (Jimbo et al, ; Larsson Wexell et al, ). The in vivo results of this study also found no significant difference at 11 days after implantation, which were not as clear as the in vitro results.…”

The effect of amino plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition‐treated titanium surface on Schwann cells

“…However, the lack of osseointegration during early healing or local infection may cause bone resorption and lead to treatment failure. Thus, various mechanical, chemical, and physical surface modifications have been performed to improve the bone–implant interaction and biological activity, and some modifications have achieved this result. Plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is one of these surface modification techniques.…”