Bone Tissue Engineering: Current Strategies and Techniques—Part I: Scaffolds

Abstract

Bone repair and regeneration is a dynamic process that involves a complex interplay between the (1) ground substance, (2) cells, and (3) milieu. While each constituent is integral to the final product, it is often helpful to consider each component individually. Therefore, we created a two-part review to examine scaffolds and cells' roles in bone tissue engineering. In Part I, we review the myriad of materials use for in vivo bone engineering. In Part II, we discuss the variety cell types (e.g., osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, chondrocytes, mesenchymal stem cells, and vasculogenic cells) that are seeded upon or recruited to these scaffolds. In Part III, we discuss the optimization of the microenvironment. The biochemical processes and sequence of events that guide matrix production, cellular activation, and ossification are vital to developing successful bone tissue engineering strategies and are thus succinctly reviewed herein.

Heparin modification of a biomimetic bone matrix modulates osteogenic and angiogenic cell response in vitro

“…The natural extracellular matrix (ECM) does not only act as structure for cell anchorage but can also actively provide signalling cues to direct cellular processes, act as reservoir for growth factors and modulate their activity (Rosso et al, 2004;Chan and Leong, 2008). Mimicking the ECM is a common strategy of TE; regarding bone tissue, scaffolds composed of calcium phosphates and collagen type I as well as composites thereof have been proven capable of assisting bone regeneration (Szpalski et al, 2012;Black et al, 2015;Pina et al, 2015;Yunus Basha et al, 2015).…”

Effect on growth and osteoblast mineralization of hydroxyapatite-zirconia (HA-ZrO 2 ) obtained by a new low temperature system

“…HA decomposition at low temperature is possible due to the excess of OH-ions from Zr(OH) 4 and HA. During thermal annealing, the powders dehydrate leading to ZrO 2 crystallization and the decomposition of HA into calcium phosphates from less than 348 K [36]. This process is facilitated by the formation of an acidic environment in the powder during thermal annealing.…”

Bioprinting of osteochondral tissues: A perspective on current gaps and future trends

“…Of these compounds, miR148b has been shown to induce de novo osteogenesis in bone marrow-derived MSC and ASC and has been demonstrated to enhance progenitor osteogenesis and bone repair both in vitro and in vivo [79,[81][82][83] . Several miRNAs such as miR-146a, miR-9, miR-29a and miR-140 play a role in the regulation of chondrogenesis [84][85][86][87][88][89] . In addition, different drug delivery systems can be incorporated into "bioinks" and be deposited in regions that require controlled release of cell-signaling molecules [90] .…”