Border Health: Who's Guarding the Gate?

Ehnert, Karen; Galland, G. Gale

doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.10.012

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…All of these factors appear to be in place for the spread of A. vasorum from the island of Newfoundland to the mainland. There are no travel restrictions between Newfoundland and the rest of Canada, and there are no animal testing/quarantine requirements for travel between Canada and the United States that would prevent the entry of an A. vasorum infected dog (Ehnert and Galland, 2009). …”

Section: Emerging Threat In North Americamentioning

confidence: 98%

Canine angiostrongylosis: The French heartworm: An emerging threat in North America

Conboy

2011

Veterinary Parasitology

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Section: Emerging Threat In North Americamentioning

confidence: 98%

Canine angiostrongylosis: The French heartworm: An emerging threat in North America

Conboy

2011

Veterinary Parasitology

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“…microchipping or tattooing). In addition, these data do not capture the total number of DPCAs as dogs may be smuggled (CBP, ; Ehnert and Galland, ), country of origin misrepresented or rabies vaccination certificates falsified. Data accuracy and completeness also posed challenges because confinement agreements are filled out by hand by importers or their agents in conjunction with airport officials and, as such, were not always legible or complete.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In some instances, the dog was properly vaccinated at one time, but the vaccination has expired. Thus, dog importation presents risks for importing infectious agents (Castrodale et al., ; McQuiston et al., ; Ehnert and Galland, ). In the past decade, several rabid dogs have been imported into the United States (Castrodale et al., ; CDC, ; McQuiston et al., ; Ehnert and Galland, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dogs Entering the United States from Rabies‐Endemic Countries, 2011–2012

Sinclair

Washburn

Fox

et al. 2014

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Summary International dog imports pose a risk because of the potential movement of disease agents, including the canine rabies virus variant which has been eliminated from the United States since 2007. U.S. regulations require a rabies vaccination certificate for dogs arriving from rabies-endemic countries, but permit the importation of dogs that have not been adequately immunized against rabies, provided that the dogs are confined under conditions that restrict their contact with humans and other animals until they have been immunized. CDC Form 75.37, “Notice to Owners and Importers of Dogs,” explains the confinement requirements and serves as a binding confinement agreement with the importer. In this evaluation, we describe the characteristics of unimmunized dogs imported into the United States over a one-year period based upon dog confinement agreements recorded at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) quarantine stations. Confinement agreements were issued for nearly 2800 unimmunized dogs that entered the United States during June 1, 2011–May 31, 2012, the majority of which traveled to the United States by air and without any seasonal pattern in import volume. Over 60% of these animals were puppies <3 months of age and included a wide variety of breeds. The dogs arrived from 81 countries, with the majority arriving from North America or Europe. Dogs placed on confinement agreements had final destinations in 49 states. California, New York, Texas, Washington, and Florida received the largest number of dogs on confinement agreements. These results (which do not reflect human travel or U.S. dog ownership data) suggest that a large portion of unimmunized dogs arrive from rabies-endemic countries for commercial, shelter, and rescue purposes. Further evaluation and key stakeholder involvement are needed to assess whether the current dog importation regulations are an adequate compromise between the benefits and risks of dog importation.

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“…An estimated 287 000 dogs were imported into the United States during 2006 (McQuiston et al., ). The top five countries from which dogs were imported into California during 2000–2007 included Mexico, Canada, South Korea, Germany and Brazil (Ehnert and Galland, ), two of which (Brazil and Mexico) are currently canine rabies‐enzootic countries.…”

Section: Rabies Virus Exposure Risks Associated With Travel and Tradementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Animal importation from canine rabies‐enzootic regions poses a risk for human exposures to rabid animals and the reintroduction of canine rabies into local dog populations (McQuiston et al., ). During the last few decades, rabid domestic animals have sporadically been imported to the continental United States from canine rabies‐enzootic regions (Table ) – dogs from Cameroon (1986), Mexico (1988), Puerto Rico (2003), Thailand (2004), India (2007), Iraq (2008) and a rabid kitten from Mexico (1987) (CDC, , ,; Castrodale et al., ; Ehnert and Galland, ). In 2008, a rabid dog was included in a shipment of 24 animals imported from Iraq by a non‐profit animal rescue programme (CDC, ).…”

Section: Rabies Virus Exposure Risks Associated With Travel and Tradementioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention and Control of Rabies in an Age of Global Travel: A Review of Travel‐ and Trade‐Associated Rabies Events –UnitedStates, 1986–2012

Lankau

Cohen

Jentes

et al. 2013

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Rabies prevention and control efforts have been successful in reducing or eliminating virus circulation regionally through vaccination of specific reservoir populations. A notable example of this success is the elimination of canine rabies virus variant from the United States and many other countries. However, increased international travel and trade can pose risks for rapid, long-distance movements of ill or infected persons or animals. Such travel and trade can result in human exposures to rabies virus during travel or transit and could contribute to the re-introduction of canine rabies variant or transmission of other viral variants among animal host populations. We present a review of travel- and trade-associated rabies events that highlight international public health obligations and collaborative opportunities for rabies prevention and control in an age of global travel. Rabies is a fatal disease that warrants proactive coordination among international public health and travel industry partners (such as travel agents, tour companies and airlines) to protect human lives and to prevent the movement of viral variants among host populations.

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Border Health: Who's Guarding the Gate?

Cited by 8 publications

References 23 publications

Canine angiostrongylosis: The French heartworm: An emerging threat in North America

Canine angiostrongylosis: The French heartworm: An emerging threat in North America

Dogs Entering the United States from Rabies‐Endemic Countries, 2011–2012

Prevention and Control of Rabies in an Age of Global Travel: A Review of Travel‐ and Trade‐Associated Rabies Events –UnitedStates, 1986–2012

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