Borna Disease in Horses

Richt, Jürgen A.; Grabner, A; Herzog, S.

doi:10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30097-4

Cited by 52 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…The main reason might be that most horses are euthanized before onset of retinal degeneration. 26 This is in agreement with reports from Bilzer et al, 2,3 who investigated the retinae of horses and donkeys suffering from BD. Although virus RNA and protein could be found in the retina of some (but not all) animals, there were no signs of inflammation and only weak expression of MHC class I and class II molecules.…”

Section: Bd Is Endemic In Certain Areas Of Germanysupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The study reported about impaired vision in 5 of 69 horses, but this could derive from degenerations in optic brain regions. In a more recent review, 26 it was pointed out that a loss of neurons occurs in the retina of rats and rabbits after BDV infection, whereas no similar observations exist for the retina of horses with BD. The main reason might be that most horses are euthanized before onset of retinal degeneration.…”

Section: Bd Is Endemic In Certain Areas Of Germanymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, BD is the result of a virus-induced immunopathologic reaction with virus-specific T cells (as well as macrophages/ microglia) playing a significant role in the pathogenesis. 2,26 Detailed studies referring to morphologic alterations 10,16,17,23 and to the immune response 31 of the retina exist for Lewis rats infected with BDV. Massive neurodegeneration occurs, resulting in the reduction of the number of retinal neurons and of the retinal thickness to about one third after 6-8 months survival time.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Morphometric Analysis of the Retina from Horses Infected with the Borna Disease Virus

et al. 2007

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Abstract. Borna disease (BD) is a fatal disorder of horses, often characterized by blindness. Although degeneration of retinal neurons has been demonstrated in a rat model, there are controversial data concerning whether a similar degeneration occurs in the retina of infected horses. To investigate whether BD may cause degeneration of photoreceptors and possibly of other neuronal cells at least at later stages of the disease, we performed a detailed quantitative morphologic study of retinal tissue from Borna-diseased horses. BD was diagnosed by detection of pathognomonic Joest-Degen inclusion bodies in the postmortem brains. Paraffin sections of paraformaldehyde-fixed retinae were used for histologic and immunohistochemical stainings. Numbers of neurons and Mü ller glial cells were counted, and neuron-to-Mü ller cell ratios were calculated. Among tissues from 9 horses with BD, we found retinae with strongly altered histologic appearance as well as retinae with only minor changes. The neuron-to-Mü ller cell ratio for the whole retina was significantly smaller in diseased animals (8.5 6 0.4; P , .01) as compared with controls (17.6 6 0.8). It can be concluded that BD in horses causes alterations of the retinal histology of a variable degree. The study provides new data about the pathogenesis of BD concerning the retina and demonstrates that a loss of photoreceptors may explain the observed blindness in infected horses.

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Section: Bd Is Endemic In Certain Areas Of Germanysupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Bd Is Endemic In Certain Areas Of Germanymentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Morphometric Analysis of the Retina from Horses Infected with the Borna Disease Virus

et al. 2007

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“…Indeed, during a follow-up of 1-2 years in naturally infected animals, only a proportion of the antibody-positive individuals (20 % of horses, ¡40 % of sheep) developed symptoms (Herzog et al, 1994;Vahlenkamp et al, 2002 In naturally infected, diseased animals, BDV infection manifests as a peracute, acute or subacute disease with non-purulent meningoencephalitis, although milder manifestations are also seen (Table 1). Different combinations of simultaneous or successive neurobehavioural alterations are noticed (Metzler et al, 1976;Grabner & Fischer, 1991;Bilzer et al, 1996; reviewed by Richt et al, 2000;Ikuta et al, 2002). Paralysis is common and, in the classical BD form, death occurs in 60-80 % of animals by 5 weeks after the onset of symptoms.…”

Section: Infection and Disease Of Production And Companion Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and host spectrum of Borna disease virus infections

Kinnunen

Palva

Vaheri

et al. 2013

Journal of General Virology

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Borna disease virus (BDV) has gained lot of interest because of its zoonotic potential, ability to introduce cDNA of its RNA transcripts into host genomes, and ability to cause severe neurobehavioural diseases. Classical Borna disease is a progressive meningoencephalomyelitis in horses and sheep, known in central Europe for centuries. According to current knowledge, BDV or a close relative also infects several other species, including humans at least occasionally, in central Europe and elsewhere, but the existence of potential ‘human Borna disease’ with its suspected neuropsychiatric symptoms is highly controversial. The recent detection of endogenized BDV-like genes in primate and various other vertebrate genomes confirms that at least ancient bornaviruses did infect our ancestors. The epidemiology of BDV is largely unknown, but accumulating evidence indicates vectors and reservoirs among small wild mammals. The aim of this review is to bring together the current knowledge on epidemiology of BDV infections. Specifically, geographical and host distribution are addressed and assessed in the critical light of the detection methods used. We also review some salient clinical aspects.

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“…In the final phase, paralysis can appear, followed by convulsions often associated with head pressing (result of a high cerebrospinal fluid pressure caused by the inflammation reaction in the CNS) and decubitus. Death usually occurs after one to three weeks and the death rate in horses is above 80% (50% in sheep) [19,24,52]. In animals that have survived the acute phase of the disease, recurrent episodes can appear for the rest of the animals life (chronic infection) with depression, apathy, somnolence, fearfulness, in particular after a stress [19,48].…”

Section: Natural Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Borna disease: current knowledge and virus detection in France

Dauphin¹,

Legay

Pitel

et al. 2002

Vet. Res.

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-For over two centuries, Borna disease (BD) has been described as a sporadically occurring infectious meningoencephalomyelitis affecting horses and sheep in Central Europe. Over the last decade, the BD epidemiology has been discussed. Firstly, its geographical distribution seems larger than what was previously thought. Secondly, the disease can affect a large number of warm-blooded animal species, including humans. The aetiological agent is the Borna disease virus (BDV), an enveloped, nonsegmented negative-stranded RNA virus classified in the new virus family Bornaviridae (Mononegavirales order). It can induce severe clinical signs of encephalitis with striking behavioural disturbances and may cause death. BDV genome has recently been detected in France in the blood and brain of several animal species (horses, bovines, foxes). meningoencephalomyelitis / Borna disease virus / epidemiology / diagnosisRésumé -La maladie de Borna : connaissances actuelles et détection du virus en France. La maladie de Borna est connue depuis plus de deux siècles en Europe centrale comme une méningoencé-phalomyélite d'origine infectieuse affectant les chevaux et les moutons. Depuis ces dix dernières années, l'épidémiologie de la maladie a été révisée puisque la répartition géographique de la maladie de Borna s'avère plus large que rapportée jusqu'alors. En outre, elle peut affecter un grand nombre d'espèces animales à sang chaud, y compris l'homme. L'agent étiologique est le BDV (virus de la maladie de Borna), virus enveloppé, à ARN simple brin, non segmenté et de polarité négative, récem-ment classifié dans la nouvelle famille des Bornaviridae, (ordre des Mononegavirales). Le BDV peut induire des signes cliniques sévères d'encéphalite virale avec des troubles comportementaux importants et il peut entraîner la mort de l'animal. Récemment, le génome du BDV a été mis en évidence en France dans le sang et le cerveau de plusieurs espèces animales (chevaux, bovins, renards). méningoencéphalomyélite / virus de la maladie de Borna / épidémiologie / diagnostic 127

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Borna Disease in Horses

Cited by 52 publications

References 60 publications

Morphometric Analysis of the Retina from Horses Infected with the Borna Disease Virus

Morphometric Analysis of the Retina from Horses Infected with the Borna Disease Virus

Epidemiology and host spectrum of Borna disease virus infections

Borna disease: current knowledge and virus detection in France

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