Boron, Lignification and the Origin of Vascular Plants‐a Unified Hypothesis

Lewis, D. H.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1980.tb04423.x

Cited by 176 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…Boron binds to organic molecules with cis-hydroxyl configurations as in some phenols, sugars, and its derivatives (14). The possible binding of B to sugars of the glycolipids and glycoproteins on the surface is probably the most significant in the present context.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Deficiency or withdrawal of B or Ca from the root medium leads to necrosis of young tissues in roots and shoots, leaving the older portions of the plant relatively unaffected. The avid binding ofCa to the cell wall (23), and of H3BO3 to membrane and cell wall components with cis-hydroxyl configurations (14), together with the active extrusion of these two elements from the symplast (19,20), are probably the main reasons for their relative immobility, or lack of retranslocation to other portions of the plant.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Transport of Indole-3-Acetic Acid in Boron- and Calcium-Deficient Sunflower Hypocotyl Segments

Tang

Fuente²

1986

Plant Physiol.

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Transfer of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv Russian Mammoth) seedlings from complete nutrient solution to solutions deficient in either boron or calcium resulted in a steady decline in the rate of auxin transport, compared to seedlings that remained in the complete solution. In seedlings transferred to solutions deficient in both B and Ca, the decline in auxin transport was greater than seedlings deficient in only one element. The transfer of B-or Ca-deficient seedlings back to the complete solution prevented further decline in auxin transport, but auxin transport did not increase to the same level as seedlings maintained in complete solution. The significant reduction in auxin transport during the early stages of B or Ca deficiency was not related to (a) reduced growth rate of the hypocotyl, (b) increased acropetal movement of auxin, or (c) lack of respiratory substrates in the hypocotyl. In addition, no difference was found in the water-extractable total and ionic Ca in B-deficient and control nondeficient hypocotyls, indicating a direct effect of B on auxin transport, rather than indirectly by affecting Ca absorption. The rate of auxin transport in hypocotyls deficient in either B or Ca, was inversely correlated with K' leakage and rate of respiration. The data presented strongly support the view that there are separate sites for B and Ca in the basipetal transport of the plant hormone indoleacetic acid.Recently it was demonstrated that Ca is essential in the basipetal transport or secretion of auxin in sunflower hypocotyl segments (5, 7). It was hypothesized that Ca probably functions in the same way that this element does in the secretion of many kinds of substances in animal cells (21 the hypocotyl 1800 relative to gravity. Also, the acropetal efflux of Ca was inhibited by cyanide and low temperature, just as the basipetal transport of auxin (4).Although these findings support our hypothesis, it can be argued that our observations regarding the Ca-IAA transport relationship still appears to be more apparent than real. To probe this hypothesis further, we sought the use of other model systems. The main question is whether the findings of a Ca requirement in auxin transport, and the auxin promotion of Ca efflux at the hypocotyl level, is an accurate representation ofthe phenomenon at the cell level. It is possible that these findings are the direct effect of the overall disturbance in the hypocotyl, such as apical necrosis, increase membrane permeability, etc., resulting from Ca deficiency, and thus only indirectly to the deficiency of Ca. To this end we used the B-deficient seedling for the following reasons.Both B and Ca are considered immobile elements in plant systems (19,20). Deficiency or withdrawal of B or Ca from the root medium leads to necrosis of young tissues in roots and shoots, leaving the older portions of the plant relatively unaffected. The avid binding ofCa to the cell wall (23), and of H3BO3 to membrane and cell wall components with cis-hydroxyl configurations (14), together wit...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Transport of Indole-3-Acetic Acid in Boron- and Calcium-Deficient Sunflower Hypocotyl Segments

Tang

Fuente²

1986

Plant Physiol.

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“…Reduced lignification and abnormal development of xylem and phloem cells are often associated with boron deficiency in angiosperms, although the role of borate in these processes is not understood (Dell and Huang, 1997). Lewis (1980) proposed that boron has a primary role in lignin biosynthesis and xylem differentiation and thus was required for tracheophyte evolution. In contrast, Lovatt (1985) suggested that the evolution of xylem allowed borate to be transported to and accumulate in the growing regions of stems and leaves.…”

Section: Rg-ii Boron and The Evolution Of Land Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of the Primary Cell Wall Polysaccharide Rhamnogalacturonan II in Pteridophytes, Lycophytes, and Bryophytes. Implications for the Evolution of Vascular Plants

et al. 2004

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Borate ester cross-linking of the cell wall pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) is required for the growth and development of angiosperms and gymnosperms. Here, we report that the amounts of borate cross-linked RG-II present in the sporophyte primary walls of members of the most primitive extant vascular plant groups (Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Equisetopsida, and Psilopsida) are comparable with the amounts of RG-II in the primary walls of angiosperms. By contrast, the gametophyte generation of members of the avascular bryophytes (Bryopsida, Hepaticopsida, and Anthocerotopsida) have primary walls that contain small amounts (approximately 1% of the amounts of RG-II present in angiosperm walls) of an RG-II-like polysaccharide. The glycosyl sequence of RG-II is conserved in vascular plants, but these RG-IIs are not identical because the non-reducing l-rhamnosyl residue present on the aceric acid-containing side chain of RG-II of all previously studied plants is replaced by a 3-O-methyl rhamnosyl residue in the RG-IIs isolated from Lycopodium tristachyum, Ceratopteris thalictroides, Platycerium bifurcatum, and Psilotum nudum. Our data indicate that the amount of RG-II incorporated into the walls of plants increased during the evolution of vascular plants from their bryophyte-like ancestors. Thus, the acquisition of a boron-dependent growth habit may be correlated with the ability of vascular plants to maintain upright growth and to form lignified secondary walls. The conserved structures of pteridophyte, lycophyte, and angiosperm RG-IIs suggests that the genes and proteins responsible for the biosynthesis of this polysaccharide appeared early in land plant evolution and that RG-II has a fundamental role in wall structure.Plants first colonized the land approximately 480 million years ago. These early land plants, which are believed to be related to extant bryophytes (Kenrick and Crane, 1997;Qiu and Palmer, 1999), subsequently gave rise to the tracheophytes that now dominate the terrestrial environment. Many of the morphological and biochemical changes that allowed plants to adapt to life on land have been documented (Graham, 1993;Niklas, 1997). However, the limited amount of information available on the composition and architecture of non-flowering plant cell walls (Ligrone et al., 2002;Popper and Fry, 2003) is an impediment to understanding the evolutionary origins of cell walls and the changes in wall structure that occurred during the evolution of land plants.All growing plant cells are surrounded by a polysaccharide-rich primary wall. Primary walls regulate cell expansion and also have important roles in plant growth and development, in the defense against micro-organisms (Carpita and Gibeaut, 1993), and in intercellular signaling (Ridley et al., 2001). The primary walls of seed-bearing tracheophytes (gymnosperms and angiosperms) are composed predominantly of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin together with lesser amounts of structural glycoproteins, minerals, enzymes, and phenolic esters (Carpita ...

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“…O presente trabalho, foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da utilização de fitorreguladores, como o ácido indol-butírico e alfanaftaleno-acético, aplicados isoladamente ou em conjunto com o ácido bórico, o qual de acordo com diversos autores (HIRSCH et al, 1982;JARVIS et al, 1983;LEWIS, 1980;MIDDLETON, 1977), exerceria um efeito sinergístico com as auxinas, no desenvolvimento de raízes em estacas de lichieira (Litchi chinensis Sonn. ).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Enraizamento de estacas de lichia (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)

Leonel

Rodrigues

1995

Sci. agric. (Piracicaba, Braz.)

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RESUMO: Estudou-se os efeitos de auxilias exógenas e ácido bórico, no enraizamento de estacas de lichia (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). As estacas foram uniformizadas, com 25 cm de comprimento e 4 folhas cortadas pela metade. Cerca de 2,5 cm da base das mesmas foi mergulhado nos tratamentos: H 2 O; Boro 150mg/ml; IBA 5.000 ppm, IBA 2.000 ppm; IBA 5.000 ppm + Boro 150 mg/ml; IBA 2.000 ppm + Boro 150 m g/ml; NAA 3.000 ppm; NAA 1.500 ppm; NAA 3.000 ppm + Boro 150 ¡l g/ml; NAA 1.500 ppm + Boro 150 /g/mL A estaquia foi realizada no mês de setembro (Hemisfério sul), sendo que as estacas foram colocadas em bandejas de isopor, tendo como substrato vermiculita e mantidas sob nebulização intermitente. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que o IBA 5.000 ppm por l minuto foi o tratamento mais efetivo, proporcionando 83,33% de estacas enraizadas em 120 dias, enquanto o tratamento testemunha (H 2 O), apresentou somente 16,67% de estacas enraizadas. Descritores: reguladores vegetais, ácido bórico, "callus", lichieira, estacas; enraizamento ROOTING OF LYCHEE (Litchi chinensis SONN.) CUTTINGSABSTRACT: The effects of exogen auxins and boric add were studied on lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) cuttings. Cuttings were standardized to twenty-five cm length, with four leaves, cut in half. The bases of the cuttings were dipped of 2,5 cm in water solutions, resulting in the following treatments: H 2 O; Boron 150 mg/ml; IBA 5,000 ppm; IBA 2,000 ppm; IBA 5,000 ppm plus boron 150 mg/ml; IBA 2,000 ppm plus boron 150 m g/ml; NAA 3,000 ppm; NAA 1,500 ppm; NAA 3,000 ppm plus boron 150 mg/ml; NAA 1,500 ppm plus boron 150 mg/ml. Cutting was performed in September (southern hemisphere) and the cuttings were place in styrofoam trays, using vermiculite as substratum and kept under intermittent mist It was concluded that 5,000 ppm IBA for one minute was the best treatment to improve rooting (83,33%), while the control (H 2 O) showed only 16,67% of rooted cuttings.

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Boron, Lignification and the Origin of Vascular Plants‐a Unified Hypothesis

Cited by 176 publications

References 97 publications

The Transport of Indole-3-Acetic Acid in Boron- and Calcium-Deficient Sunflower Hypocotyl Segments

The Transport of Indole-3-Acetic Acid in Boron- and Calcium-Deficient Sunflower Hypocotyl Segments

Occurrence of the Primary Cell Wall Polysaccharide Rhamnogalacturonan II in Pteridophytes, Lycophytes, and Bryophytes. Implications for the Evolution of Vascular Plants

Enraizamento de estacas de lichia (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)

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