Boron removal from geothermal water by air gap membrane distillation

Comparison between dual-layer (superhydrophobic–hydrophobic) and single superhydrophobic layer electrospun membranes for heavy metal recovery by air-gap membrane distillation

“…Membrane distillation has many advantages for heavy metal removal over other membrane techniques, including reverse osmosis (RO) or nanofiltration (NF), such as low operation pressure, high rejection percentage for non-volatile components, high water recovery, small footprint and lower membrane fouling [5,6]. Furthermore, many studies have successfully tested MD for removal of inorganic material, such as heavy metals [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Hydrophobic membranes, which are crucial in MD applications, can be used to prevent liquid water from crossing the membrane while encouraging the vapour to transfer from a hot feed stream to a cold permeate stream, can be found in four different configurations.…”

Experimental Study of a Heat Pump for Simultaneous Cooling and Desalination by Membrane Distillation

“…The main advantage related to the use of geothermal energy for MD systems is that this source of energy is perpetual, allowing a constant heat supply to the process [28,29]. Furthermore, geothermal energy can be found in many countries and on all continents.…”

Water and Wastewater Treatment Systems by Novel Integrated Membrane Distillation (MD)

“…MD is a thermally driven treatment process in which the thermal gradient is generated across a microporous hydrophobic membrane [19]. Simultaneously, the process can be operated by low-grade heat and/or waste including solar energy [20], geothermal energy [21], wind, tidal, and nuclear energy, or low-temperature industrial streams [22]. It should be noted that the process is driven by the vapor pressure difference between the permeable hydrophobic membrane pores.…”