Borrelia burgdorferi – A potentially aetiological factor in TMJ disorders? Preliminary report

Evaluating the correlation between the lateral pterygoid muscle attachment type and internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint with an emphasis on MR imaging findings

“…Internal derangement and associated complications are a common pathology affecting TMJ function. The causes of temporomandibular dysfunction are generally complex in origin, with several theories proposed to explain the onset (Wanyura et al, 2008). Some clinicians consider the role of the superior head in the rotation and translation of the disc and condyle to be one reason for ID and TMD (Klineberg, 1991).…”

A Practical Approach to the Diagnosis of Lyme Borreliosis: From Clinical Heterogeneity to Laboratory Methods

“…The low Borrelia load does not allow a direct recognition of the spirochetes in tissue slides for routine diagnostic procedures. However, for specific purposes, the Warthin-Starry's silver stain ( 168 , 169 ) and more recently the focus floating microscopy (FFM) ( 170 – 173 ), which are light microscopy-based techniques, can be used to detect Borrelia in clinical tissues. In addition, Borrelia species were also detected by electron microscopy in human samples from myocardial tissues ( 174 ) and crystalline keratopathy ( 175 ).…”

Diagnostic Tools for Borrelia Assessment in Humans

“…Microscopic detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato has not been frequently used in clinical practice for confirmation of Lyme disease, mostly due to the sparseness of organisms in clinical samples [17]. Warthin-Starry stain, which consists of silver impregnation of microorganisms, was the oldest method used to search for Borrelia in histologic preparations in the 1990s, but recently only two publications have reported on the use of this stain for Borrelia detection [20,21]. Among microscopic techniques focus floating microscopy (FFM), a modified immunohistochemical technique that combines several strategies to detect minuscule organisms in tissue sections, appears to be the most promising one for direct Borrelia detection, because it can be successfully applied on fresh material, nitrogen-frozen material, and paraffin-embedded tissues, in many cases on blocks older than 30 years [22].…”