Botanical health products, positioning and requirements for effective and safe use

Bast, Aalt; Chandler, Robert F.; Choy, Patrick C.; Delmulle, Luc; Gruenwald, Joerg; Halkes, S.B.A.; Keller, K.; Koeman, J.H.; Peters, Pascale; Przyrembel, Hildegard; Ree, Ellen M de; Renwick, A.G.; Vermeer, I.T.M.

doi:10.1016/s1382-6689(02)00035-2

Cited by 70 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Nonetheless, controlled studies on herbal plants are still lacking, and the risks associated with their consumption remain unknown. To date, only the data obtained from a limited number of in vitro, in vivo, and human studies are available for use as the basis for risk assessments and the establishment of recommended herbal doses (42). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI), the Institute of Medicine (IOM)/National Research Council (NRC), the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), and the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) have recently issued protocols and guidance documents on safety assessment and toxicity testing of herbal products used in both foods and medicines.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From a regulatory perspective, a safety assessment could influence whether or not certain products should be restricted, removed from the market, or have augmented safety labeling information. In cases where little toxicity information exists on a specific herbal product or its ingredients, regulatory decisions regarding risk mitigation are likely to be cautious until further information is obtained that could potentially elucidate the toxicity of herbal products and reduce the uncertainty related to risk assessments (42)(43)(44)(45). The ingredients of herbs are complex, which makes the fractionation of complex mixtures and chemical identification of their components difficult, and in some cases not feasible.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxic potentials of ten herbs commonly used for aphrodisiac effect in Turkey

Asadi¹,

Nath²,

Özhan³

2015

Turk J Med Sci

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IntroductionSince ancient times, herbs have played an important role in the treatment of different diseases in many regions of world, largely for their expectorant, aphrodisiac, diuretic, diaphoretic, antispasmodic, stomachic, and sedative properties (1). The World Health Organization reported that 70%-80% of the global population relies on herbs for primary health care. In addition, because they are natural products, it is generally believed that herbs are essentially safe and free from side effects. Consequently, the consumption of nonprescription herbs has steadily increased over the past few decades (2).Despite the therapeutic advantages of herbs, reports have indicated the potential toxicity of some herbal components. Herbs contain a variety of chemical substances that act upon the body. In addition, the quality of herbs can be affected by toxic contaminants originating from industry, agriculture, and private households, including toxins that can cause mutagenic and carcinogenic effects from long-term and widespread use (3-6). Moreover, herbal medicines are generally a mixture of a number of herbs in a single preparation and contain several active ingredients that induce various pharmacological effects (7,8). To date, there are few scientific studies on the safety and potential toxicity of herbs, despite growing concerns over the lack of both scientific evidence and quality control data regarding the safety and efficacy of herbs (9,10).Sexual dysfunction is a condition that affects 15-30 million men worldwide, and it occurs in 10%-52% of men and 25%-63% of women (11,12). Many believe that sexual dysfunction is associated with the modern lifestyle. As a result, individuals turn to natural products, such as traditional herbs, that produce aphrodisiac effects for sexual enhancement. Aphrodisiac herbs are used to treat sexual dysfunction because they alter specific neurotransmitters or sex hormones. Specifically, herbs with aphrodisiac properties can induce vasodilatation that results in a sustained erection, and can cause irritation of genital mucosa that enhances sensory experience during coitus (13).Background/aim: Sexual dysfunction is a serious problem worldwide. In Turkey, herbal products are used by some people suffering from sexual dysfunction. Despite their therapeutic advantages, some constituents of herbs are potentially toxic and pose health risks because they can be bought from the market without a prescription. Therefore, we aimed to determine the safety of herbs possessing aphrodisiac effects, chosen on the basis of their frequency of medicinal use and commercial importance in Turkey. Materials and methods:Ten herbs (Anethum graveolens, Carthamus tinctorius, Citrus aurantium, Cocos nucifera, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Melissa officinalis, Nigella arvensis, Pinus pinea, Prunus mahaleb, and Zingiber officinale) were extracted with water, methanol, and chloroform. The cyto-and genotoxic potentials of the extracts were assessed using an MTT test on a rat kidney cell line and an Ames assay in Salmonella typhi...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic potentials of ten herbs commonly used for aphrodisiac effect in Turkey

Asadi¹,

Nath²,

Özhan³

2015

Turk J Med Sci

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“…The concept "traditional use" is based upon knowledge and experience in the heritage of a population/culture (but may have very limited scientific documentation), while well-established use in general is based on traditional use supplemented with available scientific data (Bast et al, 2002). Traditional use may provide information on acute toxicity but is unlikely to provide information on chronic toxicity.…”

Section: History Of Use As Foodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Assessment and Risk Management of novel Plant Foods

Knudsen¹,

Søborg²,

Eriksen

et al. 2005

TemaNord

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Risk assessment and risk management of novel plant foods Det nordiske levnedsmiddelsamarbejdeNordisk Embedsmandskomité for Levnedsmiddelspørgsmål (EK-LIVS) arbejder med principielle levnedsmiddelpolitiske spørgsmål vedrørende kost og ernaering, levnedsmiddeltoksikologi ogmikrobiologi bl.a. i relation til risikovurdering, levnedsmiddelkontrol og -lovgivning. Samarbejdet sigter på beskyttelse af forbrugernes sundhed, faelles udnyttelse af faglige og administrative ressourcer samt nordisk og international udvikling af fagområderne. Nordic co-operationNordic co-operation, one of the oldest and most wide-ranging regional partnerships in the world, involves Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland. Cooperation reinforces the sense of Nordic community while respecting national differences and similarities, makes it possible to uphold Nordic interests in the world at large and promotes positive relations between neighbouring peoples.Co-operation was formalised in 1952 when the Nordic Council was set up as a forum for parliamentarians and governments. The Helsinki Treaty of 1962 has formed the framework for Nordic partnership ever since. The Nordic Council of Ministers was set up in 1971 as the formal forum for co-operation between the governments of the Nordic countries and the political leadership of the autonomous areas, i.e. the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland. PrefaceThe Nordic Committee of Senior Officials for Food Issues is a body under the Nordic Council of Ministers co-ordinating Nordic work in the field of foods. The Nordic Working Group on Food Toxicology and Risk Evaluation (NNT) has been given the responsibility by the Committee to promote co-operation and co-ordination among Nordic countries in matters relating to food toxicology and risk assessment.Under this working group a project group was funded and established with the aim to discuss different aspects of defining, regulating and evaluating whole foods derived from plants with no or limited documented history of safe consumption and to propose a strategy for the safety assessment of these foods. This work was originally proposed to be part of the OECD Task Force Group for the Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds, with the Nordic project group as the leading "country". The OECD Task Force Group decided not to take this work into its work programme for the moment but use the final Nordic report for its decision on future activities in this area in the Task Force Group. The project group consisted of the following members:Jan Pedersen (Chairman) Definition of terms used in this report• Foods: Foods and food ingredients.• Plants: Conventional plants meaning cultivated plants without use of gene technology, and plants from wild sources.• Plant foods: Products used as food with a plurality of chemical constituents in a complex, holistic interplay ranging from intact fruits and vegetables, over complex botanical products like flour and botanical extracts to oils, fibres and proteins. Distinct from pure chemicals with o...

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“…Requerimentos para segurança e eficácia do uso de produtos vegetais têm sido demonstrados (Bast et al, 2002;Silveira et al, 2008;Nascimento et al, 2009). Outra abordagem dada às pesquisas com plantas medicinais é a investigação do potencial antibacteriano e antifúngico, na busca de novos agentes antimicrobianos (Gayoso et al, 2005;Lemos et al, 2005;Navickiene et al, 2006;Ferronatto et al, 2007;Nascimento et al, 2007;Packer & Luz, 2007;Coutinho et al, 2008;Silva Junior et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Caracterização farmacognóstica das folhas e sementes de Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. (Fabaceae)

Miranda¹,

Arantes²,

Rezende³

et al. 2009

Rev. bras. farmacogn.

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RESUMO:Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. é popularmente conhecida no Brasil por coração-de-negro. É uma espécie aclimatada nesse país. As sementes dessa espécie são utilizadas no tratamento de diarréia, disenteria e hemorróidas e as folhas, no tratamento de úlceras e nas conjuntivites alérgicas. Este trabalho foi realizado com a finalidade de determinar as características macroscópicas e microscópicas das folhas e sementes dessa planta, uma vez que estas são as partes usadas popularmente. Algumas características de valor na sua diagnose foram apontadas e ilustradas por fotomicrografias. Reações de fitoquímica e a determinação do conteúdo de água e de cinzas foram realizadas no pó das folhas e sementes de A. lebbeck. Saponinas, alcalóides e cumarinas foram detectados nas folhas e sementes; flavonóides foram também identificados nas folhas. O teor de umidade foi 6,78% e 7,91%, respectivamente, para o pó das folhas e sementes. Os valores de cinzas totais e cinzas insolúveis em ácido foram 9,60% e 0,62% para as folhas e 4,13% e 0,21% para as sementes. Os dados obtidos são importantes para o controle de qualidade dessa planta medicinal. O extrato bruto da planta não apresentou atividade antibacteriana.Unitermos: Albizia lebbeck, coração-de-negro, morfoanatomia, planta medicinal.ABSTRACT: "Pharmacognostic characterization of leaves and seeds of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. (Fabaceae)". Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth., is popularly known in Brazil as "coração-de-negro". It is a species acclimatized in Brazil. The seeds of this species are used to treat diarrhea, dysentery and hemorrhoids and the leaves are used for the treatment of ulcers and allergic conjunctivitis. The purpose of this work was to determine the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the leaves and seeds of this plant, since these are the parts used popularly. Some characters of diagnostical value are pointed out and illustrated by photomicrographs. Phytochemistry reactions and determination of water and ash were done on the powder of A. lebbeck. Saponins, alkaloids, coumarins were detected in the leaves and seeds; flavonoids were also detected in the leaves. The content of water was 6.78% and 7.91%, respectively, for leaf and seed powder. The values of total ashes and acid insoluble ashes were 9.60% and 0.62% for leaf, and 4.13% and 0.21%, for seed powder. The data obtained are important for the quality control of this medicinal plant. The crude extract of this plant did not show antibacterial activity.

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Botanical health products, positioning and requirements for effective and safe use

Cited by 70 publications

References 20 publications

Toxic potentials of ten herbs commonly used for aphrodisiac effect in Turkey

Toxic potentials of ten herbs commonly used for aphrodisiac effect in Turkey

Risk Assessment and Risk Management of novel Plant Foods

Caracterização farmacognóstica das folhas e sementes de Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. (Fabaceae)

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