Bottled drinking water: Water contamination from bottle materials (glass, hard PET, soft PET), the influence of colour and acidification

Reimann, Clemens; Birke, Manfred; Filzmoser, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2010.04.009

Cited by 108 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Increased concentrations of Sb in water collected in PET bottles compared with those in glass have been reported in previous studies by Shotyk et al (2006) and Shotyk and Krachler (2007a) and recently by Reimann et al(2010a;2010b). Relatively high Pb concentrations in water contained in glass bottles were reported by Misund et al (1999), Shotyk and Krachler (2007b) and Reimann et al (2010a), although significant differences for Pb between bottle types were not apparent in this study.…”

Section: Compositions In Relation To Bottle Typecontrasting

confidence: 50%

“…Relatively high Pb concentrations in water contained in glass bottles were reported by Misund et al (1999), Shotyk and Krachler (2007b) and Reimann et al (2010a), although significant differences for Pb between bottle types were not apparent in this study. Of the elements identified as being significantly higher in glass than PET in this study, many were similarly identified in the Reimann et al (2010a) investigation. Correspondingly high concentrations were reported by these authors for Al, Ce, Cu, La, Nd, Sn, Zn and Zr, although concentrations were also noted to be higher in glass for…”

Section: Compositions In Relation To Bottle Typementioning

confidence: 38%

“…Although the Reimann et al (2010a) investigation found a significant increase in Cr in water stored in green glass compared to that in clear glass, this could not be investigated in the British bottled waters as few of the glass bottles collected were coloured.…”

Section: Compositions In Relation To Bottle Typementioning

confidence: 99%

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A survey of the inorganic chemistry of bottled mineral waters from the British Isles

Smedley

2010

Applied Geochemistry

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The inorganic chemistry of 85 samples of bottled natural mineral waters and spring waters has been investigated from 67 sources across the British Isles (England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland). Sources include boreholes, springs and wells. Waters are from a diverse range of aquifer lithologies and are disproportionately derived from comparatively minor aquifers, the most represented being Lower Palaeozoic (10 sources), Devonian Sandstone (10 sources) and Carboniferous Limestone (9 sources). The waters show correspondingly variable major-ion compositions, ranging from Ca-HCO 3 , through mixedcation-mixed-anion to Na-HCO 3 types. Concentrations of total dissolved solids are mostly low to very low (range 58-800 mg/L). All samples analysed in the study had concentrations of inorganic constituents well within the limits for compliance with European and national standards for bottled waters. Concentrations of NO 3 -N reached up to half the limit of 11.3 mg/L, although 62% of samples had concentrations <1 mg/L. Concentrations of Ba were high (up to 1010 µg/L) in two spring water samples. Such concentrations would have been non-compliant had they been classed as natural mineral waters, although no limit exists for Ba in European bottled spring water. In addition, though no European limit exists for U in bottled water, should a limit commensurate with the current WHO provisional guideline value for U in drinking water (15 µg/L) be introduced in the future, a small number of groundwater sources would have concentrations approaching or in excess of this value. Two sources had groundwater U concentrations >10 µg/L, both being from the Welsh Devonian Sandstone. The highest observed U concentration was 13.6 µg/L. Solute concentrations in waters contained in glass bottles compared with waters in PET showed slightly though significantly higher concentrations of Al, Ce, Cu, La, Nd, Mn, Sn, W, Zn and Zr (rank-sum testing, p < 0.05). By contrast, Sb concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in samples contained in PET bottles. This accords with other studies that have recognised Sb contamination in water from PET bottles. However, in no cases did the concentration of Sb exceed or approach the national and European limit for Sb in natural mineral water/spring water (5 µg/L), the highest observation being 1.35 µg/L. Bottled water compositions were mostly similar in their major-ion characteristics to raw groundwaters from the equivalent aquifers in Britain, although concentrations of several trace elements (Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) were appreciably lower, in some cases by one or two orders of magnitude. The most likely mechanism for the reduction is use of aeration, 2 settling and filtration to remove unstable constituents before bottling. The comparatively low concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn are likely to be due to co-precipitation with/adsorption to precipitated metal oxides, although choice of resilient pipework (e.g. stainless steel) in bottling plants may also be a factor. ...

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Section: Compositions In Relation To Bottle Typecontrasting

confidence: 50%

Section: Compositions In Relation To Bottle Typementioning

confidence: 38%

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A survey of the inorganic chemistry of bottled mineral waters from the British Isles

Smedley

2010

Applied Geochemistry

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“…For example iron from iron pipes, nickel and chromium from plated taps, copper and antimony from solder, lead from joints and sealing, vinyl chloride monomer from PVC plastic pipes and trichloroethylene (TCE) from polyethylene plastic pipes. Antimony has been shown to leach from concrete and plastics including plastic bottles and temperature has a significant effect on release (Tomboulian et al, 2004;Westerhoff et al, 2008;Reimann et al, 2010;Reimann et al, 2012). Frengstad et al (2010) report that the median concentrations of antimony in both Nordic and European bottled water to be ten to fifteen times higher than in Nordic tap water, indicating leaching of antimony from plastic bottles.…”

Section: Pollution Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical quality and regulatory compliance of drinking water in Iceland

Gunnarsdóttir

Garðarsson

Jónsson³

et al. 2016

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

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“…The release of inorganic substances from beverage bottles made of glass versus PET has been investigated in a few studies (see literature review below). Very recently, a comprehensive study was published in which drinking water contamination from bottle materials was investigated for 57 chemical elements (Reimann et al 2010). In this study the only element which was higher concentrated in PET bottled water was antimony with a 21-fold concentration over glass.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Migration of antimony from PET bottles into beverages: determination of the activation energy of diffusion and migration modelling compared with literature data

Welle

Franz

2010

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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Bottled drinking water: Water contamination from bottle materials (glass, hard PET, soft PET), the influence of colour and acidification

Cited by 108 publications

References 13 publications

A survey of the inorganic chemistry of bottled mineral waters from the British Isles

A survey of the inorganic chemistry of bottled mineral waters from the British Isles

Chemical quality and regulatory compliance of drinking water in Iceland

Migration of antimony from PET bottles into beverages: determination of the activation energy of diffusion and migration modelling compared with literature data

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