Botulinum Toxin Induced Atrophy: An Uncharted Territory

Salari, Mehri; Sharma, Soumya; Jog, Mandar

doi:10.3390/toxins10080313

Cited by 29 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 91 publications

(110 reference statements)

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“…Given the chronic character of the disease and the requirement for multiple injections during the course of the long-term treatment, transdermal BTX applications may be of interest in the future [ 24 , 25 ]. Additionally, the minimal risk of anaphylactoid reactions and the risk of muscle atrophy with subsequent intramuscular fat deposition should always be born in mind and discussed with the patient prior to injection [ 26 , 27 ]. Skilled injections and substantial knowledge of anatomical target sites are therefore of utmost importance for safe application.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Botulinum Toxin Versus Placebo: A Meta-Analysis of Treatment and Quality-of-life Outcomes for Hyperhidrosis

Obed

Salim²,

Bingoel

et al. 2021

Aesth Plast Surg

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Aims This study aims at assessing the treatment effect, disease severity and quality-of-life outcomes of botulinum toxin (BTX) injections for focal hyperhidrosis. Methods We included randomized controlled trials of BTX injections compared with placebo for patients with primary or secondary focal hyperhidrosis. PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library were searched to August 2020. Gravimetric sweat rate reduction, disease severity measured by Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale and quality-of-life assessment measured by Dermatology Life Quality Index were the outcomes of interest. Cochrane risk-of-bias tools were employed for quality assessment of given randomized controlled trials. Results Eight studies met our inclusion criteria (n=937). Overall, risk bias was mixed and mostly moderate. BTX injections showed reduced risk in comparison with placebo for the gravimetric quantitative sweat reduction of > 50 % from baseline (risk difference: 0.63, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.74). Additionally, improvements were seen for disease severity and quality-of-life assessments evaluated by Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Score reduction of ≥ 2 points (risk difference: 0.56, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.69) and mean change in Dermatology Life Quality Index (mean difference: − 5.55, 95% CI − 7.11 to − 3.98). The acquired data were insufficient to assess for long-term outcomes and limited to an eight-week follow-up period. Conclusions In focal axillary hyperhidrosis, BTX significantly reduces sweat production and yields superior outcomes in assessments of disease severity and quality-of-life. However, the quality-of-evidence is overall moderate and included studies account for short-term trial periods only. Further studies assessing BTX in comparison with first-line treatments for hyperhidrosis are warranted. Level of Evidence III This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these evidence-based medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Botulinum Toxin Versus Placebo: A Meta-Analysis of Treatment and Quality-of-life Outcomes for Hyperhidrosis

Obed

Salim²,

Bingoel

et al. 2021

Aesth Plast Surg

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In both cases, the aesthetic impairment caused by the increase of masseter volume mass can be solved either using surgical techniques or by inducing muscle atrophy with botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) ( 186 , 187 ). The BoNTA is a neurotoxin that blocks the release of neurotransmitters in the skeletal muscle, leading to hypofunction and atrophy ( 188 ). Therefore, BoNTA-induced atrophy is effective in reducing the thickness of the masseter muscle ( 189 ).…”

Section: Muscle-bone Crosstalk At the Masticatory System In Health Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle-Bone Crosstalk in the Masticatory System: From Biomechanical to Molecular Interactions

et al. 2021

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The masticatory system is a complex and highly organized group of structures, including craniofacial bones (maxillae and mandible), muscles, teeth, joints, and neurovascular elements. While the musculoskeletal structures of the head and neck are known to have a different embryonic origin, morphology, biomechanical demands, and biochemical characteristics than the trunk and limbs, their particular molecular basis and cell biology have been much less explored. In the last decade, the concept of muscle-bone crosstalk has emerged, comprising both the loads generated during muscle contraction and a biochemical component through soluble molecules. Bone cells embedded in the mineralized tissue respond to the biomechanical input by releasing molecular factors that impact the homeostasis of the attaching skeletal muscle. In the same way, muscle-derived factors act as soluble signals that modulate the remodeling process of the underlying bones. This concept of muscle-bone crosstalk at a molecular level is particularly interesting in the mandible, due to its tight anatomical relationship with one of the biggest and strongest masticatory muscles, the masseter. However, despite the close physical and physiological interaction of both tissues for proper functioning, this topic has been poorly addressed. Here we present one of the most detailed reviews of the literature to date regarding the biomechanical and biochemical interaction between muscles and bones of the masticatory system, both during development and in physiological or pathological remodeling processes. Evidence related to how masticatory function shapes the craniofacial bones is discussed, and a proposal presented that the masticatory muscles and craniofacial bones serve as secretory tissues. We furthermore discuss our current findings of myokines-release from masseter muscle in physiological conditions, during functional adaptation or pathology, and their putative role as bone-modulators in the craniofacial system. Finally, we address the physiological implications of the crosstalk between muscles and bones in the masticatory system, analyzing pathologies or clinical procedures in which the alteration of one of them affects the homeostasis of the other. Unveiling the mechanisms of muscle-bone crosstalk in the masticatory system opens broad possibilities for understanding and treating temporomandibular disorders, which severely impair the quality of life, with a high cost for diagnosis and management.

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“…41 42 43 44 While the exact effects of botulinum toxin on development of muscle atrophy and other structural changes to the injected muscles are poorly understood, several factors, including duration of treatment, seem to interfere with sprouting, which is how functional recovery of neuromuscular transmission occurs following chemodenervation by botulinum toxin. 45…”

Section: Animal Models Of Ghdmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Pathogenesis of Glenohumeral Deformity and Contracture Formation in Obstetric Brachial Plexus Palsy—A Review

Olofsson

Chu

McGrath

2019

J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj

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Contractures of the shoulder joint and glenohumeral joint dysplasia are well known complications to obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. Despite extensive description of these sequelae, the exact pathogenesis remains unknown. The prevailing theory to explain the contractures and glenohumeral joint dysplasia states that upper trunk injury leads to nonuniform muscle recovery and thus imbalance between internal and external rotators of the shoulder. More recently, another explanation has been proposed, hypothesizing that denervation leads to reduced growth of developing muscles and that reinnervation might suppress contracture formation. An understanding of the pathogenesis is desirable for development of effective prophylactic treatment. This article aims to describe the current state of knowledge regarding these important complications.

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Botulinum Toxin Induced Atrophy: An Uncharted Territory

Cited by 29 publications

References 91 publications

Botulinum Toxin Versus Placebo: A Meta-Analysis of Treatment and Quality-of-life Outcomes for Hyperhidrosis

Botulinum Toxin Versus Placebo: A Meta-Analysis of Treatment and Quality-of-life Outcomes for Hyperhidrosis

Muscle-Bone Crosstalk in the Masticatory System: From Biomechanical to Molecular Interactions

The Pathogenesis of Glenohumeral Deformity and Contracture Formation in Obstetric Brachial Plexus Palsy—A Review

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