Bovine Ephemeral Fever: The Reaction of Cattle to Different Strains of Ephemeral Fever Virus and the Antigenic Comparison of Two Strains of Virus

Snowdon, W. A.

doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1970.tb15773.x

Cited by 54 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The virus of bovine ephemeral fever has been successfully propagated in cattle [6,9], suckling mice [2,5,6,[11][12][13]16], suckling hamsters [5,6], and suckling rats [5,6]. In the present study, additional data on the susceptibility of animals to the virus were obtained.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

“…One-day-old guinea pigs inoculated intracerebrally and adult guinea pigs inoculated intracardially remained healthy and produced no neutralizing antibody against the virus. Snowdon [12] observed no clinical reaction and antibody production in sheep and pigs inoculated intravenously with a bovine passage strain from the 1956 Australian outbreak which had produced classical signs of ephemeral fever in susceptible cattle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Behavior of Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus in Laboratory Animals and Cell Cultures

Matumoto

Inaba

Tanaka

et al. 1970

Japanese Journal of Microbiology

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A Japanese strain (Yamaguchi) of bovine ephemeral fever virus, propagated in BHK21-WI2 cells of hamster kidney origin, was used. Adult rats inoculated intracardially or intracerebrally remained healthy, but produced neutralizing antibody, suggesting actual viral growth in the animals. However, no clinical and serological evidence for infection with the virus was obtained in adult sheep, goats, swine and rabbits inoculated intravenously.One-day-old guinea pigs inoculated intracerebrally and adult guinea pigs inoculated intracardially remained healthy and produced no neutralizing antibody. The virus multiplied not only in BHK21-WI2 cell culture but also in cultures of stable line hamster cells (HmLu-1 and HmT), primary hamster kidney and embryo cells, long-term cultured bovine embryo cells (BEK1), primary calf kidney and embryo cells, and primary suckling rat kidney and embryo cells. However, no evidence for cytopathogenesis and viral growth was obtained in primary cultures of bovine leukocytes, bovine bone marrow, thymus, thyroid and adrenal cells, guinea pig, mouse and chick kidney cells, and mouse and chick embryo cells, and in culture of African green monkey kidney cells (Vero). The virus multiplied best and induced marked cytopathogenesis in BHK21-WI2 cells; lower temperatures such as 34 C or 30 C appeared preferable to obtain constantly better viral yields, although the virus grew more slowly. Similar effects of the incubation temperatures were also obvious in the other susceptible cell cultures, in which the cytopathogenesis was less marked than in BHK21-WI2 cells or absent, roughly coinciding with decreasing grades of viral growth.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavior of Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus in Laboratory Animals and Cell Cultures

Matumoto

Inaba

Tanaka

et al. 1970

Japanese Journal of Microbiology

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“…By means of serum neutralization tests, Snowdon (1970) showed that: Ephemeral fever viruses isolated in 1956 and 1968 were antigenically identical. These viruses were also shown to be closely related to Ephemeral fever viruses occurring in South Africa and Japan (Snowdon, 1970;Doherty, Standfast and Clark, 1969;Inaba, Tanaka, Omori and Matumoto, 1969).…”

Section: Epizootiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The adaptation of Ephemeral fever virus to grow in suckling mice (Van der Westhuizen, 1967), and in tissue cultures (Inaba et al, 1968;Snowdon, 1970), provided a method of detecting antibody to this virus and thus a means of detecting previous infection of cattle with the virus. By means of serum neutralization tests, Snowdon (1970) showed that: Ephemeral fever viruses isolated in 1956 and 1968 were antigenically identical.…”

Section: Epizootiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Arthropod‐borne Virus Infections Affecting Man and Animals in Australia

1973

Aust J Exp Biol Med

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Bovine Ephemeral Fever in Australia and the World

Walker

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

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Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) is a disabling viral disease of cattle and water buffaloes. It can cause significant economic impact through reduced milk production in dairy herds, loss of condition in beef cattle and loss of draught animals at the time of harvest. Available evidence indicates clinical signs of BEF, which include bi-phasic fever, anorexia, muscle stiffness, ocular and nasal discharge, ruminal stasis and recumbency, are due primarily to a vascular inflammatory response. In Australia, between 1936 and 1976, BEF occurred in sweeping epizootics that commenced in the tropical far north and spread over vast cattle grazing areas of the continent. In the late 1970s, following several epizootics in rapid succession, the disease became enzootic in most of northern and eastern Australia. In Africa, the Middle East and Asia, BEF occurs as also epizootics which originate in enzootic tropical areas and sweep north or south to sub-tropical and temperate zones. The causative virus is transmitted by haematophagous insects that appear to be borne on the wind, allowing rapid spread of the disease. Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) has been classified as the type species of the genus Ephemerovirus in the Rhabdoviridae. It has a complex genome organization which includes two glycoprotein genes that appear to have arisen by gene duplication. The virion surface glycoprotein (G protein) contains four major antigenic sites that are targets for neutralizing antibody. An analysis of a large number of BEFV isolates collected in Australia between 1956 and 1992 has indicated remarkable stability in most neutralization sites. However, epitope shifts have occurred in the major conformational site G3 and these have been traced to specific mutations in the amino acid sequence. BEFV isolates from mainland China and Taiwan are closely related to Australian isolates, but some variations have been detected. Natural BEFV infection induces a strong neutralizing antibody response and infection usually induces durable immunity. Several forms of live-attenuated, inactivated and recombinant vaccines have been reported but with variable efficacy and durability of protection. The BEFV G protein is a highly effective vaccine antigen, either as a purified subunit or expressed from recombinant viral vectors.

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Bovine Ephemeral Fever: The Reaction of Cattle to Different Strains of Ephemeral Fever Virus and the Antigenic Comparison of Two Strains of Virus

Cited by 54 publications

References 4 publications

Behavior of Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus in Laboratory Animals and Cell Cultures

Behavior of Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus in Laboratory Animals and Cell Cultures

A Review of Arthropod‐borne Virus Infections Affecting Man and Animals in Australia

Bovine Ephemeral Fever in Australia and the World

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