Abstract. In vitro maturation (IVM) of immature oocytes is an important reproductive technology that generates mature oocytes that are capable of supporting preimplantation embryo development and full development to turm. The developmental competence of oocytes after in vitro fertilization (IVF) was supported in cumulus-cell density dependent manner. The developmental competence of oocytes matured under low oxygen (5% O2) tension was higher than that of oocytes matured under high oxygen tensinon (20% O2) due to the decrease of reactive oxygen content in the oocyte. To expand the availability of female gamete, an attempt to culture the growing oocytes have been made. We have focused attention on the mitochondrial activity of in vitro grown (IVG) oocytes and shown that L-Carnitine, which acts as a carrier of fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane for subsequent β-oxidation, supported the viability of growing oocytes. Nowadays, IVM is gaining acceptance in assisted reproductive technology in cattle and human. Key words: Cumulus cell density, Meiotic arrest, Mitochondrial activity of growing oocytes, Oocyte transportation, Transvaginal oocyte pick up (J. Reprod. Dev. 55: [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] 2009) nimal breeders, especially cattle breeders have been trying to get as many offspring from their genetically superior or important animals as possible. Thus, hormonal induction of multiple ovulations, followed by non-surgical collection of the embryos and embryo transfer to recipients is widely used. This multiple ovulation and embryo transfer procedure can be repeated in the same animal about 4 times per year in cattle. However, the yield of transferable embryos is highly variable. No more than an average of 20 embryos per year per animal can be obtained in cattle [1]. Feedback on the endocrinological regulation of follicle growth and maturation also limits the number of oocytes that can mature and develop in vivo [2]. Thus embryo production in vivo by means of super-ovulation may lead to less than 100 embryos over the lifespan of an individual cow, whereas approximately 100,000 gametes are present in the ovaries. If more gametes could be matured, fertilized and developed in vitro, production would increase correspondingly. Oocytes from slaughterhouse ovaries [3][4][5] have been used for the production of bovine embryos in vitro. Moreover, in vitro embryo production from live cows has been established [6]. However, the ability of bovine oocytes matured in vitro to develop to the morula/blastocyst stage is less than that of in vivo-matured oocytes [7,8]. The decrease in the developmental competence of in vitro-matured oocytes may be due to insufficient cytoplasmic maturity.In this paper, 1) bovine oocyte-pick-up (OPU) from live cows, 2) transportation of bovine immature oocytes, 3) improvement of in vitro maturation (IVM) of bovine immature oocytes, 4) application of IVM culture to human assisted reproductive technology (ART), 5) IVM following meiotic inhibition with butyrolactone I under low oxyg...