Bovine Serum Albumin Conjugated Gold-198 Nanoparticles as Model To Evaluate Damage Caused by Ionizing Radiation to Biomolecules

Abstract

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have several applications including in medicine. Considering cancer is one of the most common diseases for men and women, new treatments and more specific and effective drugs, which cause less side effects, have been actively pursued. Among them, gold-198 can be engineered as theranostic agent, working as contrast (exploiting gamma emission) and treatment agents (beta emission). Accordingly, a new procedure for the production of 14 nm diameter radioactive citrate protected gold-198 nanoparticles, which were then conjugated with bovine serum albumin utilizing 3-mercaptopropionic acid directly bound to AuNPs surface as anchoring groups, generating fully dispersible nanoparticles in aqueous media, is described. The effect of gamma and beta radiation on grafted BSA was evaluated by direct irradiation of the corresponding cold material and comparing with the damage caused on BSA grafted gold-198 nanoparticles prepared from a neutron activated gold foil. The investigation by fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy indicated that the damage to BSA chromophore groups is proportional to the dose (from 0.1 to 1 kGy) and that chromophores groups close to the particle surface are more prone to damage. Gold-198 nanoparticles conjugated with bovine serum albumin showed that process is much more localized next to nanoparticles surface since each gold core acts as a punctual radiation source. In short, AuNPs can enhance the damage caused by irradiation of cold nanoparticles and AuNPs@MPA-BSA is a suitable model to probe the effect of gamma and beta emitter on biomolecules. Furthermore, the strategy of diluting the gold-198 with cold gold atoms was shown to be suitable to control the activity of 198 AuNPs aiming medical applications since the damage to BSA was found to be proportional to the relative concentration of gold-198.

Investigating and Optimizing Insulin Partitioning with Conjugated Au Nanoparticles in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems Using Response Surface Methodology

“…38,39 The conjugation to AuNPs changed the surface properties, and the high surface charge of the AuNPs contributes to their excellent partitioning. 20,40 Also, as the molecular weight of dextran increases, the gap between polymer networks decreases, reducing the space available for molecules in the dextran phase. This leads to the volume exclusion effect, which causes the biomolecules to partition into the PEG phase, resulting in an increase in the AuNPs/ insulin partition coefficient.…”

“…When the pH of a biomolecule rises above its isoelectric point (pI), it becomes more negative, resulting in an increase in the partition coefficient. , Changes in pH causes a shift in the phase preference due to variations in insulin surface charge (pI = 5.4), and the magnitude of partitioning depends on surface charges. The decrease in the partitioning coefficient between pH 8 and 9 may be attributed to changes in the insulin molecular structure and its interaction with the aqueous environment, e.g., hydrophobic interactions. , The conjugation to AuNPs changed the surface properties, and the high surface charge of the AuNPs contributes to their excellent partitioning. , Also, as the molecular weight of dextran increases, the gap between polymer networks decreases, reducing the space available for molecules in the dextran phase. This leads to the volume exclusion effect, which causes the biomolecules to partition into the PEG phase, resulting in an increase in the AuNPs/insulin partition coefficient …”

Bombesin Peptide Conjugated Water-Soluble Chitosan Gallate—A New Nanopharmaceutical Architecture for the Rapid One-Pot Synthesis of Prostate Tumor Targeted Gold Nanoparticles

“…In this context, we have been exploring the utility of green nanotechnology in the design and architecture of tumor-avid gold nanoparticles. 6,9,11,12,14,20,23,26,34 Tumor avidity and selective accumulation of optimum doses of therapeutic gold nanoparticles is of paramount importance in drug delivery. 35,36 Specifically, tumor selectivity and cytotoxicity of NPs depend on many factors, such as particle size, surface chemistry and biological target.…”

The analogy of nanoparticle shapes on the theory of convective heat transfer of Au–Fe3O4 Casson hybrid nanofluid

“…In contrast, the nanoparticle framework provides more stability and subsequently refines the biomolecule's physical properties compared with its native state. [18][19][20] Further analysis of heat transfer has been performed by various researchers by using nanofluids. [21][22][23][24] Not just the physical properties of nanoparticles affect the heat transfer performance of a fluid, the physical appearance of nanoparticles also contributes to both flow characteristics and heat transfer performance of a fluid containing nanoparticles.…”

“…The properties of nanoparticles can be advanced by coupling with biomolecules. In contrast, the nanoparticle framework provides more stability and subsequently refines the biomolecule's physical properties compared with its native state 18–20 . Further analysis of heat transfer has been performed by various researchers by using nanofluids 21–24 …”