Bovine Serum Estrogens, Progestins and Glucocorticoids during Late Pregnancy, Parturition and Early Lactation

Smith, V. G.; Edgerton, L. A.; Hafs, H. D.; Convey, E. M.

doi:10.2527/jas1973.362391x

Cited by 199 publications

(112 citation statements)

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“…Hydrocortisone-21-acetate (HCAc) inhibited the hematopoietic activity of bovine bone marrow at concentrations of 10 to 100 ng/mL [101]. At calving, a short lasting cortisol peak of approximately 20 ng/mL is observed, whereas during mastitis increases up to 100 ng/mL are possible [215]. The inhibitory effects of BHBA, AcAc, bPAG, and HCAc may be involved in the changes in the number, differentiation and maturity of circulating PMN after calving [101], as the circulating pool is largely depending on the proliferative capacity of the bone marrow.…”

Section: Regulation Of the Granulopoiesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Severity of E. coli mastitis is mainly determined by cow factors

et al. 2003

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-Intramammary infections of dairy cows with Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (major cause of mastitis) have received a lot of attention because of their major economic impact on the dairy farm through production losses induced by an increase in somatic cell count. Management strategies, including greater awareness for efficient milking and hygienic measures, have limited the spread of Gram-positive bacteria and resulted in a significant decrease of proportion of S. aureus isolates and subclinical mastitis worldwide. Other organisms such as coliform subspecies and Streptococcus uberis, both environmental bacteria that cause clinical mastitis, have received less attention. Escherichia coli causes inflammation of the mammary gland in dairy cows around parturition and during early lactation with striking local and sometimes severe systemic clinical symptoms. This disease affects many high producing cows in dairy herds and may cause several cases of death per year in the most severe cases. It is well known that bacterial, cow and environmental factors are interdependent and influence mastitis susceptibility. Many studies, executed during the last decade, indicate that the severity of E. coli mastitis is mainly determined by cow factors rather than by E. coli pathogenicity. During E. coli mastitis, the host defense status is a cardinal factor determining the outcome of the disease. Today, we know that the neutrophil is a key factor in the cows' defense against intramammary infection with E. coli. Effective elimination of the pathogen by neutrophils is important for the resolution of infection and the outcome of E. coli mastitis. This review is a compilation of some major findings over the last 15 years concerning mainly host factors that modulate and influence neutrophil function and the mammary inflammatory reaction. The individual chapters address: virulence factors of E. coli strains, how neutrophils kill E. coli, connection between endotoxins, tumor necrosis factor-a and nitric oxide, severity classification of E. coli mastitis, lifespan of neutrophils, host factors that influence severity, tissue damage and production loss.

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Section: Regulation Of the Granulopoiesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Severity of E. coli mastitis is mainly determined by cow factors

et al. 2003

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“…Throughout all stages of pregnancy, an increased secretion of ACTH was noticed from peripheral blood bovine lymphocytes (21), which in turn stimulates cortisol release from the adrenal gland cortex. Cortisol levels in plasma are elevated in bovines at parturition (29,35,90) (Table 1) and are higher in lactating than in non-lactating animals (101). Highyielding cows also have augmented plasma cortisol concentrations compared with low-yielding cows (49).…”

Section: Sympathoadrenal Activity Around Parturition and During Intramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The release of stress hormones, i.e. catecholamines and glucocorticoids, at parturition and during the first weeks of lactation has been related to the observed dysfunction of the immune system, and thus to the increased susceptibility of cattle to undergo infectious diseases such as mastitis (77,82,90,91). Indeed, the incidence to clinical mastitis in dairy cows is highest during these periods of abnormal hormonal balance (16,96).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sympathoadrenal and immune system activation during the periparturient period and their association with bovine coliform mastitis. A review

Diez-Fraile

Meyer²,

Burvenich³

2003

Veterinary Quarterly

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“…They diminish slowly during the final 3-4 weeks and rapidly 2-3 days before calving (Short, 1958 ;Randel and Erb, 1971 ;Smith et al, 1973 (Webb et al, 1977 ;Lishman et al, 1979 ;Kesler et al, 1980 ;Fonseca et al, 1980 ;Sheffel et al, 1980 ;Troxel et al, 1983) or after early weaning (Odde et al, 1980) or limited suckling with (Dunn et al, 1985) or without (Flood et al, 1979) GnRH injection. Many hypotheses have been put forward to explain this.…”

Section: Progesteronementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Concentrations of oestrogens (17 (1-oestradiol and oestrone) in blood plasma progressively increase toward the end of pregnancy and are at their highest 24-48 hours before calving (Smith et al, 1973 ;Arije et al, 1974 ;Stellflug et al, 1978). Peripheral levels of oestradiol-17a fall after calving and then fluctuate considerably before first ovulation (Pope, 1982).…”

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confidence: 99%

Endocrine regulation of postpartum ovarian activity in cattle : a review

Hanzen

1986

Reprod. Nutr. Dévelop.

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Summary. The Clinically, the postpartum period is characterized by a period of behavioural anoestrus, the duration of which differs in different breeds.If the detection of oestrus is optimal, anoestrus lasts for 20 to 70 days in dairy cows Callahan et al., 1971 ;Schams et al., 1978 ;Pirchner et al., 1983 ;Richardson et al., 1983 ;Etherington et al., 1984). This period is highly variable in suckled cows and lasts from 30 to 110 days (Wiltbank and Cook 1958 ;Oxenreider 1968 ;Graves et al., 1968 ;Casida et al., 1968 ; Nancarrow et al., 1977 ;Holness et al., 1978 ;Wettemann et a/., 1978 ;Short et al., 1979 ;Dunn and Kaltenbach, 1980 ;Kesler et al., 1980 ;Randel, 1981 ;Montgomery, 1982 ;Peters and Riley, 1982 . Jainudeen et al., 1982Bastidas et al., 1984 ;King and Mc Leod, 1983Leod, /1984Hansen and Hauser, 1984 ;Montgomery et al., 1985).Assay of progesterone in plasma or milk has shown that 88 % of animals of dairy breeds have an luteal activity present by 35 days after calving (Ball and Lamming, 1983) and 95 % within 50 days (Bulman and Lamming, 1978). According to different authors, the first rise of progesterone appears between 16 and 69 days after calving in dairy cows (Webb et al., 1977(Webb et al., , 1980Pirchner et al., 1983) and between 56 and 96 days in suckled cows (Fonseca et al., 1980 ;Peters and Riley 1982 ; Jainudeen et al., 1982 Jainudeen et al., /1983Montgomery et al., 1985).It is possible to detect ovarian follicles by rectal palpation in both milked and suckled cow from the second week after calving (Saiduddin et al., 1968 ;Callahan et al., 1971 ;Kesler et al., 1979 ;Webb et al., 1980 ;Kesler et al., 1980 ;Stevenson et al., 1983 (Wiltbank et al., 1962(Wiltbank et al., , 1964Dunn et al., 1969 ; Lammond, 1970 ;Corah et al., 1975 ;Whitman et a/., 1975 ;Duffour, 1975 ;Holness et al., 1978 ;Carstairs et al., 1980 ;Dunn and Kaltenbach, 1980 ; Gauthier and Thimonnier, 1982 ;Peters and Riley, 1982 ; Mc Leod, 1983/1984 ;Rutter and Randel, 1984). Some authors have found that overfeeding improves ovarian (Wiltbank et al., 1962(Wiltbank et al., , 1964Hansen et al., 1982) or pituitary (Beal et al., 1978 ;Jordan and Swanson, 1979 ;Lishman et al., 1979 ;Moss et al., 1982) function. Others have found no relation between feeding and the ovarian (Lishman et al., 1979 ;Carstairs et al., 1980) or pituitary (Hill et a/., 1970 ;Dunn et al., 1974 ;Spitzer et al., 1978 ;Haresign, 1981 ;Rutter and Randel, 1984) activity.Little is known about the mechanism under which diet exerts its effect. It is conceivable that feeding influences the ovarian response to gonadotropins (Gombe and Hansel, 1973). There was a positive correlation between the degree of fatness of an animal and the plasma concentration of 17 !3-oestradiol, 7 weeks after calving (Lishman et al., 1979).Feeding affects the release of luteinizing hormone (LHI and subsequent luteal function Spitzer et al., 1975 ;Apgar et al., 1975 ;Beal et al., 1978). It has been observed that the release of LH induced by gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) injection was grea...

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Bovine Serum Estrogens, Progestins and Glucocorticoids during Late Pregnancy, Parturition and Early Lactation

Cited by 199 publications

References 0 publications

Severity of E. coli mastitis is mainly determined by cow factors

Severity of E. coli mastitis is mainly determined by cow factors

Sympathoadrenal and immune system activation during the periparturient period and their association with bovine coliform mastitis. A review

Endocrine regulation of postpartum ovarian activity in cattle : a review

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