Box–Behnken design optimisation of a green novel nanobio-based reagent for rapid visualisation of latent fingerprints on wet, non-porous substrates

Preliminary forensic assessment of the visualised fingerprints on nonporous substrates immersed in water using the green and optimised novel nanobio-based reagent

“…Upon completion of the immersion interval, the left and right equal halves of natural and groomed split fingerprints were visualised using the SPR and NBR, respectively. While the SPR was used directly, the preparation of the NBR solution was done following the optimised and validated method using Response Surface Methodology suggested by Azman et al 34 . The optimum conditions were; the amount of CRL (100 mg), amount of F-MWCNTs (75 mg) and immobilisation interval (5 h).…”

“…Citing the New Jersey Department of Health 33 , “There may be no safe level of exposure to a carcinogen, so all contact should be reduced to the lowest possible level”, therefore the possibilities of suffering from such toxic exposures, although they have yet to raise alarming concerns, cannot be completely ruled out. On top of that, because the use of SPR requires rinsing with water (a few times) 34 , its long-term usage may prove detrimental to the ecosystem due to its bioaccumulation in the drainage. Despite its known perils, SPR continues to be the routinely used fingerprint visualisation methods, both in the laboratory and on-site crime scene investigations.…”

“…Even though lipids are generally insoluble in water and being the preferred substrates for lipases, the practical use of lipases for tracing the minute amount of lipid constituents in fingerprints is still nascent. In this context, we had successfully developed 35 and optimised 34 a novel green nanobio-based reagent (NBR) by capitalising on the application of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL). It is important to mention that any newly-developed reagent for fingerprint visualisation must comply with the ‘Guidelines for The Assessment of Fingermark Detection Techniques’ prescribed by the International Fingerprint Research Group (IFRG) 36 for ensuring its acceptance for forensic applications.…”

“…Pertinently, the previously reported studies on the development and optimisation of NBR adhered to Phase 1 (proof-of-concept) and to a certain extent, Phase 2 (optimisation and comparison) of the guidelines. Not only a newly-developed fingerprint visualisation reagent needs to be specific and selective 34 , it must also be practical, simple (one solution) and rapid (within two minutes) and comparable with the performance of the commercially available SPR.…”

Multi-Objective Optimization of Forth Flotation Process: An Application in Gold Ore

“…The experimental design table, based on the principle of Box-Behnken central composite design, is shown in Table 1. The Box-Behnken experimental design can reduce the number of required experiments, thereby reducing the workload of researchers and reducing the cost of experiments [17].…”