Brachial Artery Flow-Mediated Vasodilation in Patients With Cardiac Syndrome X

Abstract

Cardiac syndrome X (CSX) differs from coronary artery disease (CAD) and is characterized by angina, positive stress test, and patent coronary arteries. The probable mechanism is a microvascular disorder associated with endothelial dysfunction. In this study, brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation was used as well as the endothelin-1 assay to assess endothelial function in patients with cardiac syndrome X (CSX), coronary artery disease (CAD), and healthy controls. All subjects underwent a 2-step brachial artery flow-related vasodilatation test. Serum endothelin-1, one of the most potent constricting factors, was measured for all participants. Patients with CSX had a lower brachial artery dilation ratio than controls but higher than that of CAD patients. Control subjects and CSX patients had higher endothelin-1 levels than CAD patients. CSX patients were found to have worse endothelial function than healthy volunteers, but patients with CAD had even worse endothelium function than CSX patients.

Coronary slow flow or syndrome Y: Dysfunction at rest, preserved reactivity of the peripheral endothelium

“…Consistent with the coronary pathophysiology of the disease, resting endothelial function (expressed by FMC), but not endothelial responsiveness (measured by FMD), was abnormal in this patient. Conversely, evidence of impaired FMD has been reported in coronary syndrome X subjects [7]. Together, these data allow hypothesizing a differential mechanistic hypothesis for syndromes X and Y (impaired endothelial reactivity in the former, impaired endothelial function at rest in the latter) and emphasize the need for further studies investigating the existence and pathophysiology of different forms of microvascular angina.…”

Application of Quercetin for Correction of the Impairment of the Functional State of the Endothelius of Vessels (Clinical and Experimental Study)

“…It is known that insulin resistance (InR) contributes to the development of the endothelial dysfunction, which is a consequence of such factors as hyperglycemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress [2].…”

“…Відомо, що при ІР розвивається дисфункція ендо телію, яка є наслідком дії таких чинників як гіпер глікемія, артеріальна гіпертензія, дисліпідемія, ок сидативний стрес [2].…”

“…It is known about increasing the rate of aging of the body under the influence of such endoge nous risk factors as insulin resistance (IR), hy perinsulinemia, overweight, impaired carbohy drate tolerance, dyslipidemia, hypertension [1,2]. The promoter influence on the aging process is shown by adverse environmental factors, ВСТУП Відомо про підвищення темпу старіння організму за умов впливу таких ендогенних чинників ризику як інсулінорезистентність (ІР), гіперінсулінемія, над мірна маса тіла, порушена толерантність до вугле водів, дисліпідемія, артеріальна гіпертензія [1,2]. Промоторний вплив на процес старіння проявляють несприятливі чинники навколишнього середовища, до яких відносять, зокрема, іонізуюче випроміню вання (ІВ) [3].…”

Lack of significant association between Helicobacter pylori infection and homocysteine levels in patients with cardiac syndrome X

“…In about 10 to 30% patients who are referred for coronary angiography, does not show vessel stenosis or coronary spasm [3]. The pathogenesis of CSX is still uncertain but microvascular and endothelial dysfunc-tion has been invoked [4].…”