Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome

CT and radiographic evaluation of bronchial collapsibility at forced expiration in asymptomatic brachycephalic dogs

“…These dogs must overcome the increase in airway resistance, resulting in forced exhalation, rather than passive exhalation as observed in healthy Beagle dogs. 16 These abnormalities cause brachycephalic puppies to display exaggerated respiratory efforts during both inhalation and exhalation, right from birth. 17 These pressure disturbances during respiration in brachycephalic dogs contribute to the loss of small-airway wall rigidity.…”

“…15 Brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome predisposes the affected dogs to bronchial abnormalities and collapse. 16 In an endoscopic evaluation of brachycephalic dogs, 87.5% of dogs with brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome had endoscopically detectable bronchial abnormalities. 17 Nevertheless, at the time of the current study there were no published reports quantifying bronchial collapsibility during forced expiration in brachycephalic dogs.…”

Brachycephalic airway syndrome: a comparative study between pugs and French bulldogs

“…In addition to rhinoplasty and staphylectomy, resection of everted laryngeal saccules has been recommended as part of the surgical treatment of BAS-affected dogs (Harvey 1982b, Lorinson et al 1997, Koch et al 2003, Monnet 2003, Torrez & Hunt 2006, though some have questioned the overall benefit (Poncet et al 2006, Riecks et al 2007, Dupré et al 2013). In the present study, everted saccules were only excised in two cases, as they were judged to contribute significantly to the obstruction.…”

“…Abnormalities associated with brachycephalic airway syndrome (BAS) include stenotic nares, abnormally displaced turbinates and an overlong and a thickened soft palate (Torrez & Hunt 2006, Riecks et al 2007, Ginn et al 2008, Grand & Bureau 2011). In addition, nasopharyngeal mucosa hyperplasia and macroglossia contribute to narrowing of the nasopharyngeal space (Poncet et al 2006, Dupré et al 2013. Other contributors include eversion of the laryngeal saccules, laryngeal collapse, bronchial collapse and enlargement of the tonsils (Hendricks 1992, Pink et al 2006, Poncet et al 2006, De Lorenzi et al 2009).…”

Nasopharyngeal Dimensions From Computed Tomography of Pugs and French Bulldogs With Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome

“…Brachycephalic airway syndrome (BAS) is an established cause of respiratory distress in brachycephalic dog breeds . The shortened skull bones in these breeds are not accompanied by reduction of the associated soft tissue structures, resulting in a compressed nasal passage and altered pharyngeal anatomy . The most frequently reported primary components of BAS are stenotic nares and an elongated, thickened soft palate .…”