Brain Imaging and Electrophysiology Biomarkers: Is There a Role in Poverty and Education Outcome Research?

Pavlakis, Alexandra E.; Noble, Kimberly G.; Pavlakis, Steven G.; Ali, Noorjahan; Frank, Yitzchak

doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.11.005

Cited by 81 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…27 Positive associations between nurturing care and children’s health, growth, and development have been demonstrated worldwide, 28,29 supported by neuroscientific evidence that nurturing care during early childhood attenuates the detrimental effects of low socioeconomic status on brain development. 9,30,31 …”

Section: Life Course Conceptual Framework Of Early Childhood Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…31 Neuroscientific evidence has documented associations between low socioeconomic status in early childhood and smaller hippocampal grey matter volume, 9,30 which together with low frontal and temporal lobe volume, might mediate associations between poverty and low cognitive, academic, and behavioural performance. 33 Effects of being raised in poverty can extend to adulthood, resulting in low task-related activation of brain regions supporting language, cognitive control, and memory skills, and high activation of regions associated with emotional reactivity.…”

Section: Life Course Conceptual Framework Of Early Childhood Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…33 Effects of being raised in poverty can extend to adulthood, resulting in low task-related activation of brain regions supporting language, cognitive control, and memory skills, and high activation of regions associated with emotional reactivity. 31 Maternal nurturing care during early childhood can attenuate the detrimental effects of low socioeconomic status by protecting early brain development. 8 …”

Section: Life Course Conceptual Framework Of Early Childhood Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course

et al. 2017

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Early childhood development programmes vary in coordination and quality, with inadequate and inequitable access, especially for children younger than 3 years. New estimates, based on proxy measures of stunting and poverty, indicate that 250 million children (43%) younger than 5 years in low-income and middle-income countries are at risk of not reaching their developmental potential. There is therefore an urgent need to increase multisectoral coverage of quality programming that incorporates health, nutrition, security and safety, responsive caregiving, and early learning. Equitable early childhood policies and programmes are crucial for meeting Sustainable Development Goals, and for children to develop the intellectual skills, creativity, and wellbeing required to become healthy and productive adults. In this paper, the first in a three part Series on early childhood development, we examine recent scientific progress and global commitments to early childhood development. Research, programmes, and policies have advanced substantially since 2000, with new neuroscientific evidence linking early adversity and nurturing care with brain development and function throughout the life course.

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Section: Life Course Conceptual Framework Of Early Childhood Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Life Course Conceptual Framework Of Early Childhood Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Life Course Conceptual Framework Of Early Childhood Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course

et al. 2017

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“…Specifically, lower SES has been linked to reduced gray matter volume (Hanson et al, , ; Jednoróg et al, ; Luby et al, ), reduced cortical thickness (Mackey et al, ), reduced degree of cortical gyrification (Jednoróg et al, ), and reduced surface area (Natalie & Noble, ) in bilateral occipito‐temporal, temporo‐parietal, and inferior frontal regions that support reading development (Booth et al, ; Martin, Schurz, Kronbichler, & Richlan, ; for a review see Ozernov‐Palchik & Gaab, ). Functional MRI and electrophysiological studies have also reported decreased specialization for reading and language in task‐relevant regions in children from lower‐SES backgrounds (see a review by Pavlakis, Noble, Pavlakis, Ali, & Frank, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between socioeconomic status and white matter microstructure in pre‐reading children: A longitudinal investigation

Ozernov‐Palchik

Norton

Wang

et al. 2018

Human Brain Mapping

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Reading is a learned skill crucial for educational attainment. Children from families of lower socioeconomic status (SES) tend to have poorer reading performance and this gap widens across years of schooling. Reading relies on the orchestration of multiple neural systems integrated via specific white-matter pathways, but there is limited understanding about whether these pathways relate differentially to reading performance depending on SES background. Kindergarten white-matter FA and second-grade reading outcomes were investigated in an SES-diverse sample of 125 children. The three left-hemisphere white-matter tracts most associated with reading, and their right-hemisphere homologs, were examined: arcuate fasciculus (AF), superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), and inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF). There was a significant and positive association between SES and fractional anisotropy (FA) in the bilateral ILF in kindergarten. SES moderated the association between kindergarten ILF and second grade reading performance, such that it was positive in lower-SES children, but not significant in higher-SES children. These results have implications for understanding the role of the environment in the development of the neural pathways that support reading.

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“…And researchers hadn't explored the impacts of such conditions on cerebral development. There are brain-imaging studies of children growing up in poverty -which, like stunting, could be a proxy for inadequate nutrition 6 . But these have mostly focused on high-income areas, such as the United States, Europe and Australia.…”

Section: The Long Shadow Of Stuntingmentioning

confidence: 99%

How poverty affects the brain

Storrs¹

2017

Nature

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In the late 1960s, a team of researchers began doling out a nutritional supplement to families with young children in rural Guatemala. They were testing the assumption that providing enough protein in the first few years of life would reduce the incidence of stunted growth.It did. Children who got supplements grew 1 to 2 centimetres taller than those in a control group. But the benefits didn't stop there. The children who received added nutrition went on to score higher on reading and knowledge tests as adolescents, and when researchers returned in the early 2000s, women who had received the supplements in the first three years of life completed more years of schooling and men had higher incomes 1 . "Had there not been these follow-ups, this study probably would have been largely forgotten, " says Reynaldo Martorell, a specialist in maternal and child nutrition at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, who led the followup studies. Instead, he says, the findings made financial institutions such as the World Bank think of early nutritional interventions as longterm investments in human health.Since the Guatemalan research, studies around the world -in Brazil, Peru, Jamaica, the Philippines, Kenya and Zimbabwe -have all associated poor or stunted growth in young children with lower cognitive test scores and worse school achievement 2 . A picture slowly emerged that being too short early in life is a sign of adverse conditions -such as poor diet and regular bouts of diarrhoeal disease -and a predictor for intellectual deficits and mortality. But not all stunted growth, which affects an estimated 160 million children worldwide, is connected with these bad outcomes. Now, researchers are trying to untangle the links between growth and neurological development. Is bad nutrition alone the culprit? What about emotional neglect, infectious disease or other challenges? Shahria Hafiz Kakon is at the front line trying to answer these questions in the slums of Dhaka, Bangladesh, where about 40% of children have stunted growth by the age of two. As a medical officer at the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) in Dhaka, she is leading the first-ever brain-imaging study of children with stunted growth. "It is a very new idea in Bangladesh to do brain-imaging studies, " says Kakon.The research is innovative in other respects, too. Funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates © 2 0 1 7 M a c m i l l a n P u b l i s h e r s L i m i t e d , p a r t o f S p r i n g e r N a t u r e . A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .

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Brain Imaging and Electrophysiology Biomarkers: Is There a Role in Poverty and Education Outcome Research?

Cited by 81 publications

References 34 publications

Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course

Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course

The relationship between socioeconomic status and white matter microstructure in pre‐reading children: A longitudinal investigation

How poverty affects the brain

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