Brain Imaging of the Cortex in ADHD: A Coordinated Analysis of Large-Scale Clinical and Population-Based Samples

Abstract

Sunovian. He is/has been involved in clinical trials conducted by Lilly & Shire. The present work is unrelated to the above grants and relationships. Jonna Kuntsi has given talks at educational events sponsored by Medice; all funds are received by King's College London and used for studies of ADHD. Theo Van Erp consulted for Roche Pharmaceuticals and has a contract with Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Ltd. Anders Dale is a Founder of CorTechs Labs, Inc. He serves on the Scientific Advisory Boards of CorTechs Labs and Human Longevity, Inc., and receives research funding through a Research Agreement with General Electric Healhcare. Paulo Mattos was on the speakers' bureau and/or acted as consultant for Janssen-Cilag, Novartis, and Shire in the previous five years; he also received travel awards to participate in scientific meetings from those companies. The ADHD outpatient program (Grupo de Estudos do Déficit de Atenção/Institute of Psychiatry) chaired by Dr. Mattos has also received research support from Novartis and Shire.The funding sources had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data; or preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript. Tobias Banaschewski served in an advisory or consultancy role for Actelion,

Structural Brain Imaging Studies Offer Clues about the Effects of the Shared Genetic Etiology among Neuropsychiatric Disorders

“…Any interpretation of the cross-disorder sMRI correlations must keep in mind that, for all disorders, the case-control differences in sMRI measures are small ( Figure 1). The largest Cohen's D values are only -0.5 for SCZ (19,20), -0.4 for epilepsy (14), -0.3 for BD (12,13), -0.2 for ADHD (9,10) and ASDs (11), and -0.1 for MDD (15,16) and OCD (17,18). These small case-control differences are consistent with results from GWAS and environmental risk studies, which speaks to the fact that the effects of common risk factors are, with some rare exceptions, individually small.…”

“…Furthermore, for some of the disorders, we could use youth and adult data, whereas for others only adult effect data were used. Because findings can differ substantially depending on the age range of the samples included (e.g., (9,10,17,18)), this might have influenced our findings. For these reasons, analyses of participant level data will be needed to address these issues to draw stronger and more detailed conclusions.…”

“…ENIGMA has also reported significant case vs. control differences in sMRI phenotypes for: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (9,10), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (11), bipolar disorder (BD) (12,13), common epilepsy syndromes (14), major depressive disorder (MDD) (15,16), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) (17,18) and schizophrenia (SCZ) (19,20). Each of these disorders shows a pattern of what we have termed selective brain region vulnerability (SBRV) (21,22).…”

Age‐related structural and functional variations in 5,967 individuals across the adult lifespan

“…Fourth, the resolution of the fMRI images is sub‐optimal (3.75 × 3.75 × 4.55 mm) compared to the newer multi‐band sequences (2–3 mm isotropic). In addition, there are some existing large N datasets, for example, ENIGMA (Favre et al, ; Hoogman et al, ; van Velzen et al, ), 10 K in 1 day (van den Heuvel et al, ) and morphometric similarity networks (Seidlitz et al, ), which introduce several new network features that can be used to investigate age‐related variations in both healthy as well as disease.…”

Subcortical brain volume, regional cortical thickness and cortical surface area across attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

“…Imaging studies, including meta-analyses, have generally compared one of the three disorders to healthy controls (8)(9)(10)(11)(12). Large-scale studies generally yielded small to moderate effect sizes, indicating that disorder-associated alterations are subtle (13)(14)(15)(16)(17). Few structural imaging studies have directly compared these three disorders (18,19), mostly in small numbers and with inconsistent results (20).…”