“…On the contrary, VR-based surgical navigation is common in commercially available systems, the StealthStation (Medtronics, Inc., MN, US) and VectorVision (BrainLab, Inc., NJ, US) are widely used commercialized systems (Morioka et al 1999;Gumprecht, Widenka, and Lumenta 1999). It can provide accurate positioning of surgical tools on radiographic images, but surgeons cannot see the crucial endoscope or microscope screen while they are looking at the VR-based navigation.…”