Brazilian energy policies side-effects on CO2 emissions reduction

Diffusion of new automotive technologies for improving energy efficiency in Brazil’s light vehicle fleet

“…At the time they were launched, automobiles having 1000 cm 3 cylinder capacity were very basic vehicles, lacking most accessories, 19 but they were able to fill the great pent-up demand of the middle-class and lowincome Brazilian population for automobiles that, up to that period, tended toward the purchase of used automobiles, similarly equipped (Consoni, 2004;Szklo et al, 2005).…”

Opportunities to change development pathways toward lower greenhouse gas emissions through energy efficiency

“…Promoting end-use electricity efficiency and transmission and distribution loss reduction, the Procel program funds or cofunds a wide range of energy efficiency projects focused mainly on research, development, and demonstration; education and training; testing, labeling, and standards; marketing and promotion; private sector support; utility demandside management programs; and direct implementation of efficiency measures and technical support (Szklo et al 2005b). The Procel program has also advocated for more than 15 years mandatory efficiency standards for household appliances, lighting products, and motors sold in Brazil (Garcia et al 2007).…”

“…For example, in response to the first oil shock, Brazil launched in 1975 the National Alcohol Fuel Program to increase the production of sugarcane ethanol as a substitute for oil, at a time when Brazil was importing about 80% of its oil supply. This program resulted in an estimated 1.5 Mt CO 2 /year emission savings (Szklo et al 2005a). But Brazil also provides an example where emissions increased as a result of energy security-driven policies.…”

Full-load Miller cycle with ethanol and EGR: Potential benefits and challenges

“…These, in turn, absorb CO 2 while growing due to photosynthesis. Thus, the use of this oxygenated fuel in high efficiency spark ignited engines would provide an alternative for the CO 2 emission reduction [2]. The major benefits of ethanol when compared to gasoline in SI engines are the higher knock resistance and charge cooling effect due to its large latent heat of vaporization, allowing the use of higher compression ratio and/or higher boost pressure that could result in increased power and efficiency.…”