Breadcrumb routing: Query-response geocast for mobile originators in vehicular networks

Abstract

Abstract-Vehicular ad hoc networks allow connected vehicles to exchange and share information in order to improve traffic efficiency and safety as well as to provide infotainment functions. In order to cope with the challenging network conditions of the vehicular domain (e.g., intermittent connectivity), a disruptiontolerant networking architecture is suitable. In contrast to pushbased communications (e.g, cooperative awareness messages) used in many proposed vehicular applications, we focus on a query-response model for requesting sensor information. Of particular interest to us is the question how vehicular queries can be efficiently routed to a destination area in such challenged environments, and, more importantly, how the response can be routed back to a moving query originator. We therefore present Breadcrumb Geocast Routing (BGR), a novel disruptiontolerant georouting protocol based on a trail of breadcrumbs left by the query originator. As an overlay protocol, BGR can be used on top of different georouting mechanisms, providing an efficient means to address moving originators. We study the influence of parameters, e.g., breadcrumb size and distance, and prove the effectiveness of the proposed solution in an extensive experimental evaluation, showing that BGR achieves significantly higher delivery rates compared to traditional geocast approaches, while avoiding up to 97 % of the traffic overhead of Epidemic and PRoPHET routing.

Query-response geocast for vehicular crowd sensing

“…This paper builds on previously published work [3]. The prior work presented a novel approach for routing responses to a moving query originator-the BGR protocol.…”

“…Prior work [3] shows that BGR avoids up to 97% of the traffic overhead of Epidemic and PRoPHET, while increasing the delivery rate of an existing georouting protocol significantly from about 31% to almost 100%. It turns out that the breadcrumb size has the greatest impact on the performance of BGR, making it a key parameter for the trade-off between network traffic and delivery probability.…”

“…It was previously shown [3] that the breadcrumb size s and the inter-breadcrumb distance d have a great impact on the performance of BGR, making them key parameters for the trade-off between network traffic and delivery probability. Yet, determining the optimal breadcrumb parameters is not trivial.…”

“…To investigate the impact of scenario characteristics, such as street layout and node density, on the performance of the proposed protocol, we introduce two new scenarios in addition to the those used in the original paper (San Francisco, Helsinki) [3].…”

“…We repeat the concept of breadcrumbs [3], which are based on the floating content [4] approach, in Section 3.2 to facilitate comprehension of the protocol phases in Section 3.3. BGR [3] is a geographic routing protocol that is not only able to send messages towards a destination area, but also to retrieve information from this area by efficiently routing the query responses back to the (moving) originator.…”