Breast Cancer and Postmenopausal Obesity: the Risk Factors in this Relationship

Barp, Clarissa Germano

doi:10.11648/j.crj.20140201.12

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…To date, these mechanisms are not yet completely understood: however three hormonal systems are hypothesized to explain this association, such as insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), especially IGF binding protein-1 factor (IGF-1); sex hormones; and adipokines (Travis and Key, 2003;Kaaks et al, 2005;Renehan et al, 2008;Mazur-Roszak et al, 2010;Vecchia et al, 2011;Alegre et al, 2013;De Pergola and Silvestris, 2013;Minatoya et al, 2013;Brown, 2013a, 2013b;Barp et al, 2014). General and central obesity is positive correlated with insulin resistance followed by elevated its concentration in serum.…”

Section: Overweight Obesity and Bc Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overweight, Obesity, Oxidative Stress and the Risk of Breast Cancer

Kruk¹

2014

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 15 (22), 9579-9586 IntroductionBreast cancer (BC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide. According to global cancer statistics, 1.38 million cancer cases (692,200 in developed and 691,300 in developing countries) accounting for 23% of all new cases of cancer worldwide, occurred in 2008 (Jemal et al., 2011). Also, 458,400 total BC deaths was estimated in this year. Incidence rate depends on the world region due to differences in race/ethnicity, reproductive and hormonal factors, physical inactivity and obesity. According to Moore's and Sobue's statement "The prevailing view is that the majority of cancers are due, very largely, to the environment, with only some 5-10% being primarily related to genetic abnormalities" (Moore and Sobue, 2009, p. 149). The prevalence of obesity is high and still increases. For example, using projection models it is suggested that in 2030 a number of obese adults will be higher by 65 million in comparison with 2010 (Wang et al., 2011). In 2008, 1.46 billion of overweighted (including 502 million obese) individuals was reported in analysis of epidemiological data from 199 countries (referred to Wang et al., 2011). As reviewed by Withrow and Alter (2011), the economic costs due to obesity are estimated to be 0.7-2.8% of the total health-care costs depending on a country. According to the World Cancer Research Found and the American Institute Cancer Research statement, there is convincing and consistent evidence that body fatness is positively correlated with the incidence of BC (WCRF/ Department of Prevention and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Poland *For correspondence: e-mail AbstractThere is growing scientific evidence linking excess body weight to breast cancer risk. However, there is no common consensus on this relation due partly to methodologies used, populations studied and the cancer subtype. We report here a summary of the present state of knowledge on the role of overweight and obesity in pathogenesis of breast cancer and possible mechanisms through which excess body weight might influence the risk, focusing on the role of oxidative stress in breast cancer etiology. The findings demonstrate duality of excess body weight action in dependence on menopausal status: a statistically significant increased risk in postmenopausal overweight/ obese women and non-significant preventive effect among premenopausal women. Due to several gaps in the literature on this topic, additional studies are needed. Future research should address factors influencing the excess body weight -breast cancer relationship, such as race/ethnicity, tumor subtype, receptor status, the most appropriate measure of adiposity, reproductive characteristics, and lifestyle components.

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Section: Overweight Obesity and Bc Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overweight, Obesity, Oxidative Stress and the Risk of Breast Cancer

Kruk¹

2014

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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“…In obesity there is an unbalanced maturation, with higher quantities of preadipocytes, and consequently, a greater secretion of pro inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, the increase in the liberation of pro inflammatory cytokines resulting from obesity is a great factor of risk for the development of breast cancer in women in the post menopause state [88].…”

Section: Overtraining Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oriented Physical Exercise and Sports Nutrition and the Risk of Growth of Tumours

Tratz¹

2014

CRJ

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Abstract:The health and life quality of men can be preserved and improved using a regular practice of physical activities. It is well known that when properly oriented, the physical exercise can combat several diseases, e. g. cardiovascular, metabolic and even physiological, such as depression. However, the higher oxygen consumption, as well as the activation of specific metabolic pathways during and after the exercises results in the formation of free radicals. Exhausting physical exercises of high intensity elevate the risk of diseases, like pulmonary emphysemas, inflammation, aging and increased risk of damage in the DNA with consequent carcinogenesis. The excessive elevation of free radicals without the optimal accompaniment of antioxidants induces a psychopathological stage known as oxidative stress, which generates lipids, damages to proteins and to the DNA, becoming cytotoxic or causing changes in the cellular functions and even in the tissues. This is a common occurrence in drug users, overexposure to environmental factors such as sun light, metabolic alterations originated from obesity or diabetes, and even physical exercises. There is general agreement that physical training and adequate alimentation, besides protecting against some types of cancer, increases the aspects of anti-tumor immunity and reduces inflammatory mediators. Evidences suggest that the prophylactic effect of the exercise can be attributed to the anti-inflammatory effects mediated by the regular practice of exercises, through the reduction of visceral fat and increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the circulation. This study had as objective to demonstrate the importance of a well targeted training, for the performance of physical activities in an adequate intensity associated to antioxidant supplementation, in order to prevent excessive physical wear and appearing of oxidative stress.

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“…At menopause, these enzymes are found mainly in adipose tissue and liver, and use as intermediates the testosterone or androstenedione in the conversion of oestradiol [28]. It is observed that aromatase activity is increased in obesity management and, as a result, there is an increase in estradiol formation and increased risk of tumors [37]. It is known that testosterone may influence the risk for breast cancer directly, or indirectly (in the conversion to estradiol).…”

Section: Drugs and Hrtmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Risk of Relationship between Hormonal Replacement Therapy and Cancer

Rosales¹

2014

CRJ

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Abstract:Menopause is an endocrine condition due to the decline in ovarian activity, which occurs in all women and is characterized as a progressive hypoestrogenism. To minimize damage from lack hormonal activity, hormone replacement therapy has been developed (TRH), which is widely used around the world, often without criteria pre-established. Thus, this study aims to identify hormonal therapies used postmenopausal and relate them to the development of tumors. In addition, identify the criteria for the use of HRT, the utilization time and women who are part of the risk groups are also objectives of this study. In the beginning, the clinical methodology of HRT included only estrogen, but epidemiological studies have observed that the progestin presence is essential in endometrial hyperplasia control adding to the therapy. Progestogens act depending on its molecular structure, and consequently selectivity, or may interact with other steroid receptors. From this interaction, different pharmacodynamic answers about importance in the development of tumors can be observed, ie, progesterone activity, estrogen, antiestrogen, androgen and / or antiandrogen. In view of the mechanism of carcinogen administration of estrogens, it can be said that HRT increases the risk of breast, uterus and ovary cancer. However, the estrogenic actions may be adjusted when there is administration of progestin drugs and with antiestrogenic and antiandrogenic actions. Given this, in menopausal women, it is advisable to trace gynecological cancer, before, during and after any therapeutic interventions, and the decision of using and the choice of HRT on an individual basis, through a careful assessment of signs and symptoms and long-term risk.

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Breast Cancer and Postmenopausal Obesity: the Risk Factors in this Relationship

Cited by 3 publications

References 41 publications

Overweight, Obesity, Oxidative Stress and the Risk of Breast Cancer

Overweight, Obesity, Oxidative Stress and the Risk of Breast Cancer

Oriented Physical Exercise and Sports Nutrition and the Risk of Growth of Tumours

The Risk of Relationship between Hormonal Replacement Therapy and Cancer

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