Breath Tools: A Synthesis of Evidence-Based Breathing Strategies to Enhance Human Running

Harbour, Eric; Stöggl, Thomas; Schwameder, Hermann; Finkenzeller, Thomas

doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.813243

Cited by 22 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 199 publications

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“…Movement quality consists of more than kinematic features, representing symmetry of the athletes' bodies [28,31,36]. Besides muscle activity, further physiological features to further support movement quality assessment, such as breathing rate, were not included within the studies, although there is recent activity in this area (e.g., [44]). Niewiadomski et al [29] mentioned a physiological layer in their concept, but have not yet included it in their described case study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Movement Quality Assessment Using Sensor Technologies in Recreational and Professional Sports: A Scoping Review

Venek¹,

Kranzinger²,

Schwameder

et al. 2022

Sensors

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The use of sensor technology in sports facilitates the data-driven evaluation of human movement not only in terms of quantity but also in terms of quality. This scoping review presents an overview of sensor technologies and human movement quality assessments in ecologically-similar environments. We searched four online databases to identify 16 eligible articles with either recreational and/or professional athletes. A total of 50% of the studies used inertial sensor technology, 31% vision-based sensor technology. Most of the studies (69%) assessed human movement quality using either the comparison to an expert’s performance, to an exercise definition or to the athletes’ individual baseline performance. A total of 31% of the studies used expert-based labeling of the movements to label data. None of the included studies used a control group-based study design to investigate impact on training progress, injury prevention or behavior change. Although studies have used sensor technology for movement quality assessment, the transfer from the lab to the field in recreational and professional sports is still emerging. Hence, research would benefit from impact studies of technology-assisted training interventions including control groups as well as investigating features of human movement quality in addition to kinematic parameters.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Movement Quality Assessment Using Sensor Technologies in Recreational and Professional Sports: A Scoping Review

Venek¹,

Kranzinger²,

Schwameder

et al. 2022

Sensors

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Additionally, frequency coupling alone may have beneficial effects especially relevant for the novice runner. Since SR is generally quite stable during running (19) and lower BR variability (BRV) is associated with higher exercise performance (20), LRC may support novices in regulating BR and exercise intensity by aiding in self-awareness (21). Finally, LRC at odd ratios (e.g., 5:1 steps per breath) could contribute to a reduced risk of side stitch.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Up to 70% of runners experience this unpleasant sensation each year (22), perhaps contributing to pain or exercise cessation. Since repeated expiration on ipsilateral strides may trigger phrenic nerve irritation, this could be avoided by deliberate coupling of breath of contralateral steps (21).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Step-adaptive sound guidance enhances locomotor-respiratory coupling in novice female runners: A proof-of-concept study

Harbour

Rheden²,

Schwameder³

et al. 2023

Front. Sports Act. Living

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IntroductionMany runners struggle to find a rhythm during running. This may be because 20–40% of runners experience unexplained, unpleasant breathlessness at exercise onset. Locomotor-respiratory coupling (LRC), a synchronization phenomenon in which the breath is precisely timed with the steps, may provide metabolic or perceptual benefits to address these limitations. It can also be consciously performed. Hence, we developed a custom smartphone application to provide real-time LRC guidance based on individual step rate.MethodsSixteen novice-intermediate female runners completed two control runs outdoors and indoors at a self-selected speed with auditory step rate feedback. Then, the runs were replicated with individualized breath guidance at specific LRC ratios. Hexoskin smart shirts were worn and analyzed with custom algorithms to estimate continuous LRC frequency and phase coupling.ResultsLRC guidance led to a large significant increase in frequency coupling outdoor from 26.3 ± 10.7 (control) to 69.9 ± 20.0 % (LRC) “attached”. There were similarly large differences in phase coupling between paired trials, and LRC adherence was stronger for the indoor treadmill runs versus outdoors. There was large inter-individual variability in running pace, preferred LRC ratio, and instruction adherence metrics.DiscussionOur approach demonstrates how personalized, step-adaptive sound guidance can be used to support this breathing strategy in novice runners. Subsequent investigations should evaluate the skill learning of LRC on a longer time basis to effectively clarify its risks and advantages.

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“…these data in the context of a field study is possible thanks to recent technological developments that allow the recording of respiratory activity (19,20) and biomechanical parameters relevant to alpine skiing (21)(22)(23) over several hours with sufficient accuracy and minimal interference to performance. It must be pointed out that, unlike heart rate, breathing pattern is highly sensitive to exercise-induced physiological processes (12,24) including fatigue during alpine skiing (25). Finally, in addition to a general approach, it was prioritized an individualfocused statistical approach to carefully parse the relationship of fatigue, perceived fatigability, and performance fatigability between and within skiers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of physical stress in alpine skiing on psychological, physiological, and biomechanical parameters: An individual approach

Finkenzeller¹,

Burberg²,

Kranzinger³

et al. 2022

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Alpine skiing is an attractive winter sport that often includes mental and physical demands. Since skiing is often done for several hours, fatigue processes occur that might lead to action errors associated with a higher risk of accidents and injuries. The aim of this study was to investigate the timing of changes in subjective, physiological, and biomechanical parameters during a physically demanding, standardized, non-competitive alpine skiing session. A group of 22 experienced male skiers carried out 10 runs, each lasting between 150 and 180 s, at a turn rate of 80 turns per minute with their best skiing technique. Immediately after the run, skiers reported ratings of fatigue, and other affective states. During skiing, breathing pattern and biomechanical data of the ski turns as radial force, turn duration, edge angle symmetry, and a composed motion quality score were recorded. Analyses of variances on skiers showing signs of fatigue (n =16) revealed that only the subjective data changed significantly over time: fatigue and worry increased, vitality and calm decreased. Subsequently, individual change points analyses were computed to localize abrupt distribution or statistical changes in time series data. For some skiers, abrupt changes at certain runs in physiological and/or biomechanical parameters were observed in addition to subjective data. The results show general effects in subjective data, and individual fatigue-related patterns concerning the onset of changes in subjective, physiological, and biomechanical parameters. Individuality of response to fatigue should be considered when studying indicators of fatigue data. Based on the general effects in subjective data, it is concluded that focusing on self-regulation and self-awareness may play a key role, as subjective variables have been shown generally sensitive to the physical stress in alpine skiing. In the future, customized algorithms that indicate the onset of fatigue could be developed to improve alpine skiers' self-awareness and self-regulation, potentially leading to fewer action errors.

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Breath Tools: A Synthesis of Evidence-Based Breathing Strategies to Enhance Human Running

Cited by 22 publications

References 199 publications

Human Movement Quality Assessment Using Sensor Technologies in Recreational and Professional Sports: A Scoping Review

Human Movement Quality Assessment Using Sensor Technologies in Recreational and Professional Sports: A Scoping Review

Step-adaptive sound guidance enhances locomotor-respiratory coupling in novice female runners: A proof-of-concept study

Effects of physical stress in alpine skiing on psychological, physiological, and biomechanical parameters: An individual approach

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