Breeding dispersal strategies following reproductive failure explain low apparent survival of immigrant Temminck's stints

Abstract

In some animal populations, immigrants have lower survival than philopatric individuals. Costs of dispersal or low phenotypic quality of dispersers may explain the pattern. However, apparent adult survival estimates, which describe real survival combined with site fi delity cannot be separated from permanent emigration. Th us, heterogeneity in breeding dispersal propensities of immigrants and philopatrics can bias fi tness correlates of dispersal. Diff erences in breeding dispersal propensities may be caused by diff erent strategies in response to environmental cues inducing dispersal, such as reproductive success. In such cases, the reported diff erences between immigrants and philopatric individuals may not refl ect true variation in survival.We studied whether dispersal status specifi c apparent adult survival is associated with reproductive success in a Temminck ' s stint Calidris temminckii population. We analysed two long term capture-recapture datasets characterised by low and high nest predation levels. Philopatric individuals had higher apparent adult survival than immigrants in both datasets and the diff erence was highlighted during the high nest predation period. By contrasting return rates between successful and unsuccessful breeders as a proxy for dispersal, we found that unsuccessful immigrants breeding for the fi rst time dispersed more likely than successful immigrants, but such a pattern was not found among philopatric individuals. Our results support the hypothesis that immigrant and philopatric individuals have diff erent breeding dispersal strategies following reproductive failure and that their apparent adult survival diff erences are at least partly explained by diff erent breeding dispersal propensities. Our results also suggest that the recent decline of the study population refl ects a multiple response to increased nest predation through decreased local recruitment and increased emigration.

Phylogeography of the Temminck’s Stint (Calidris temminckii): historical vicariance but little present genetic structure in a regionally endangered Palearctic wader

“…(2010) revealed that both natal and breeding dispersal seem to be rare at regional scale (5–50 km). Pakanen et al. (2010, 2011) also observed that individuals recruited to the population as immigrants were more likely to change breeding sites between seasons, especially if they had experienced poor breeding success.…”

“…, 2006). The population at the Finnish Bothnian Bay is declining, comprising currently of well under hundred individuals (Pakanen et al. , 2011).…”

“…The range is more or less continuous, but at least two geographically separate populations are known: one at the coast of the Bothnian Bay in the Baltic Sea (300 km from the main range; Rönkä et al, 2006) and another in the Central Yakutian Plain in Central East Siberia (800 km from the main range; Degtyaryev et al, 2006). The population at the Finnish Bothnian Bay is declining, comprising currently of well under hundred individuals (Pakanen et al, 2011). A decline has also been observed in the small Central Yakutian population, currently holding only c. 16 individuals (Degtyaryev et al, 2006).…”

Turnover and post‐bottleneck genetic structure in a recovering population of Peregrine Falcons Falco peregrinus

“…Haas , Hoover , Pakanen et al . ) and other factors (e.g. age of the dispersing individual and quality of the nest‐site and the mate; Greenwood & Harvey ).…”

When things go wrong: intra‐season dynamics of breeding failure in a seabird

“…It has notably been shown to affect mate retention and inter-annual site fidelity (Dubois and Cézilly 2002, Naves et al 2006, Boulinier et al 2008, Pakanen et al 2011, migratory movements to wintering grounds (Bogdanova et al 2011, Hoye et al 2012) and potentially individual behavior and time budgets. It can also affect population structure and dynamics in the longterm through dispersal (Danchin et al 1998, Cam et al 2004).…”