Bridging the innate and adaptive immune systems

Agonists of PPAR-α, PPAR-γ, and RXR inhibit the formation of foam cells from macrophages in mice with inflammation

“…The formation of foam cells from macrophages constitutes a key stage in atherosclerosis, which was considered from the viewpoint of aseptic inflammation in recent years [7]. The formation of foam cells accumulating cytoplasmic lipid vacuoles suggests increased engulfment of modified and native low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and intracellular changes in the synthesis and transport of lipids under the influence of inflammatory factors [15].…”

Replacing dietary carbohydrate with protein and fat decreases the concentrations of small LDL and the inflammatory response induced by atherogenic diets in the guinea pig☆

“…In human atherosclerosis, it is known that IFN-γ levels are significantly increased within atherosclerotic vessels [4]. Increased expression of IFN-γ up-regulates IL-1β, TNF-α and MCP-1 production along with the transcription of genes encoding GM-CSF [28,29]. It also appears that exogenous IFN-γ administration potentiates lesion formation in hypercholesterolemic mice [30].…”

Hyaluronic Acid: Targeting Immune Modulatory Components of the Extracellular Matrix in Atherosclerosis

“…After their differentiation into foam cells their production of the pro-coagulant protein tissue factor is induced as well as the synthesis of apolipoprotein B, and a high number of pro-inflammatory cytokines. When exposed to LDL-complexes, intra-plaque macrophages are capable of internalization of these complexes, leading to a change in phenotype towards foam cells [105]. Factors which modulate the uptake of LDL-particles by macrophages could be interesting therapeutic targets.…”