“…Cetaceans in Hawaiian waters overlap with a number of anthropogenic activities that have the potential to result in both indirect and direct harmful population-level consequences. Threats include military operations (e.g., Martin et al, 2015;Henderson et al, 2019;Baird et al, 2021a;Durbach et al, 2021), commercial and recreational fishing (e.g., Baird and Webster, 2020;Baird et al, 2021b), tourism (e.g., Currie et al, 2021), shipping (e.g., Lammers et al, 2013), pollutants (e.g., Ylitalo et al, 2009;Bachman et al, 2014;Kratofil et al, 2020), protozoal disease from feral, non-native cats (Migaki et al, 1990;Landrau-Giovannetti et al, 2022), and marine debris (Currie et al, 2017). The range-resident behavior of many Hawaiian cetaceans (Baird, 2016) may further exacerbate risk from these threats; where site fidelity may have once been evolutionarily advantageous, this mechanism may become maladaptive in the Anthropocene (Merkle et al, 2022).…”