Broadband Light Bending with Plasmonic Nanoantennas

Ni, Xingjie; Emani, Naresh K.; Kildishev, Alexander V.; Boltasseva, Alexandra; Shalaev, Vladimir M.

doi:10.1126/science.1214686

Cited by 1,401 publications

(1,067 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…20 By appropriately designing the blocks and their arrangement, metasurfaces provide an ultra-thin platform for manipulating electromagnetic (EM) waves. Novel phenomena and applications based on metasurfaces range from broadband light bending and anomalous reflection and refraction [21][22][23] to strong spin-orbit interactions of light. 24 In this work, we study graphene as a plasmonic metasurface that offers the potential to control radiation in the THz regime.…”

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confidence: 99%

Graphene as a Tunable Anisotropic or Isotropic Plasmonic Metasurface

et al. 2016

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We demonstrate a tunable plasmonic metasurface by considering a graphene sheet subject to a periodically patterned doping level. The unique optical properties of graphene result in electrically tunable plasmons that allow for extreme confinement of electromagnetic energy in the technologically significant regime of THz frequencies.Here we add an extra degree of freedom by using graphene as a metasurface, proposing to dope it with an electrical gate patterned in the micron or sub-micron scale. By extracting the effective conductivity of the sheet we characterize metasurfaces periodically modulated along one or two directions. In the first case, and making use of the analytical insight provided by transformation optics, we show an efficient control of THz radiation for one polarization. In the second case, we demonstrate a metasurface with an isotropic response that is independent of wave polarization and orientation.Graphene, an atomically-thin layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice, features outstanding mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. 1 Its characteristic linear * To whom correspondence should be addressed 1 dispersion for electrons close to the Dirac point results in the possibility of tuning the carrier concentration by external means. 2 In particular, graphene can be biased by electrical gating or surface doping, which modifies its Fermi level and permits the existence of surface plasmons propagating along graphene. Because of the two-dimensional (2D) nature of this material, the surface plasmons it supports have very short wavelengths and exhibit extreme out-of-plane confinement to the sheet, as has already been demonstrated in a number of experiments. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Compared to the noble metals commonly employed for plasmonics, 12 graphene has a low carrier concentration, and, for this reason, plasmons in graphene are relatively long-lived and appear at lower frequencies. While the plasmonic response of metals is weak at the infrared or lower frequencies, graphene plasmons exist in the THz regime with relatively low losses. 13-15 These facts, added to the important ingredient of tunability, make graphene a very suitable platform for the design of plasmonic metasurfaces in the THz regime. 16,17 Metasurfaces, the 2D counterpart of metamaterials, 18,19 consist of a planar arrangement of resonant subwavelength-sized building blocks. 20 By appropriately designing the blocks and their arrangement, metasurfaces provide an ultra-thin platform for manipulating electromagnetic (EM) waves. Novel phenomena and applications based on metasurfaces range from broadband light bending and anomalous reflection and refraction 21-23 to strong spin-orbit interactions of light. 24In this work, we study graphene as a plasmonic metasurface that offers the potential to control radiation in the THz regime. Different from previous studies, 16,17 which focused on patterning the graphene, here we consider a continuous graphene sheet with periodically modulated doping. This gives rise ...

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confidence: 99%

Graphene as a Tunable Anisotropic or Isotropic Plasmonic Metasurface

et al. 2016

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“…Metasurfaces, ultrathin planar structures patterned by monolithic subwavelength elements on surfaces, provide a new way to transform the incident wavefront to the desired forms by controlling the amplitude, phase and polarization of electromagnetic fields [2][3][4][5][6]. Compared with their traditional counterparts, metasurfaces have emerged as unparalleled devices to realize miniaturized, on-chip integrated and multifunctional optical systems [7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristic Analysis of Compact Spectrometer Based on Off-Axis Meta-Lens

Zhou

Chen

2018

Applied Sciences

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Ultra-compact spectrometers with high-resolution and/or broadband features have long been pursued for their wide application prospects. The off-axis meta-lens, a new species of planar optical instruments, provides a unique and feasible way to realize these goals. Here we give a detailed investigation of the influences of structural parameters of meta-lens-based spectrometers on the effective spectral range and the spectral resolution using both wave optics and geometrical optics methods. Aimed for different usages, two types of meta-lens based spectrometers are numerically proposed: one is a wideband spectrometer working at 800-1800 nm wavelengths with the spectral resolution of 2-5 nm and the other is a narrowband one working at the 780-920 nm band but with a much higher spectral resolution of 0.15-0.6 nm. The tolerance for fabrication errors is also discussed in the end. These provides a prominent way to design and integrate planar film-based spectrometers for various instrumental applications.

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“…Bragg scattering) of photonic crystals, a wellperformed device is in need of large-area size so as to functionalize the zero-index properties. This is why we prefer large-area device.Recent developments of metasurface-based flat lens have revealed many outstanding capabilities to manipulate the phase of light in micro-nano scale by using optical resonators with discrete phase distribution [20][21][22][23][24][25][26] . It is concentrated on out-of-plane operation that the propagating waves are vertical to the chip.…”

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confidence: 99%

Realization of Zero-Refractive-Index Lens with Ultralow Spherical Aberration

He¹,

Huang²,

Chang³

et al. 2016

ACS Photonics

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Optical complex materials offer unprecedented opportunity to engineer fundamental band dispersion which enables novel optoelectronic functionality and devices. Exploration of photonic Dirac cone at the center of momentum space has inspired an exceptional characteristic of zero-index, which is similar to zero effective mass in fermionic Dirac systems. Such all-dielectric zero-index photonic crystals provide an in-plane mechanism such that the energy of the propagating waves can be well confined along the chip direction. A straightforward example is to achieve the anomalous focusing effect without longitudinal spherical aberration, when the size of zero-index lens is large enough. Here, we designed and fabricated a prototype of zero-refractive-index lens by comprising large-area silicon nanopillar array with plane-concave profile. Near-zero refractive index was quantitatively measured near 1.55 m through anomalous focusing effect, predictable by effective medium 2 theory. The zero-index lens was also demonstrated to perform ultralow longitudinal spherical aberration. Such IC compatible device provides a new route to integrate all-silicon zero-index materials into optical communication, sensing, and modulation, and to study fundamental physics on the emergent fields of topological photonics and valley photonics.Dirac cones in fermionic systems have attracted tremendous attention in the fields of topological insulator and graphene [1][2][3] . Following the pace of condensed matter, these conical dispersion bands have been extended to bosonic systems particularly for electromagnetic waves 4-12 . Bosonic Dirac cones at the zone boundary reveal many similar phenomena with fermionic particles. For example, bianisotropic metamaterials can access to modulate the spin flow of light with backscattering immune at the boundary of topological photonic crystals, after opening a nontrivial gap from Dirac cone 13,8,11 . An alternative method is proposed to implement photonic analogue of the integer quantum Hall effect by using periodic coupling resonators on a silicon-on-insulator platform in near-infared (NIR) wavelength scale 7,14,15 .Beyond those predominant behaviors, bosonic Dirac cones also present extra features other than femionic systems. Recently, another type of photonic Dirac cones induced by accidental degeneracy at the zone center has been found in a class of all-dielectric photonic crystals 16,17 , in which the optical response shows very different to the case at the zone boundary. One of the remarkable properties is zero-index behavior such that the effective permittivity and permeability are simultaneously to be zero at Dirac frequency. To date, nanorod-array structure is the exclusive way to realize all-dielectric zero-index photonic crystal in optical frequency regime. How to sufficiently confine the propagation wave in the plane of periodicity is a practical challenge for 3 rod-slab structures. The first implementation at near-infrared (NIR) wavelength has been fabricated by alternating silicon/silica layers ...

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Broadband Light Bending with Plasmonic Nanoantennas

Cited by 1,401 publications

References 5 publications

Graphene as a Tunable Anisotropic or Isotropic Plasmonic Metasurface

Graphene as a Tunable Anisotropic or Isotropic Plasmonic Metasurface

Characteristic Analysis of Compact Spectrometer Based on Off-Axis Meta-Lens

Realization of Zero-Refractive-Index Lens with Ultralow Spherical Aberration

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