The authors propose that best practices in music education require a conceptual understanding of music teaching and learning based on a perspective of social justice and equitable access for all students. Examinations of the relationship between the tenets of culturally-responsive teaching and three dimensions of music teaching and learning (musical content, instruction, and context) are presented: (1) historically, through the identification of neglected African American contributions to Appalachian music; and (2) pedagogically, through the chronicling of social justice content and culturally-responsive instruction as taught in an urban university and public middle school. The implications of issues of power and social justice for music education are further contextualized within the lens of critical pedagogy to uncover possibilities for a 21st century canon of music teacher preparation that will maximize the potential to transform music education practice. ARTICLE The content, historical development and pedagogy comprising present-day music education and music teacher preparation in the United States of America (USA) continues to reflect a predominantly Western European cultural perspective. Consequently, contributions from other cultural traditions often are only peripherally represented in the knowledge base of music education (Green, 2001; Kwami, 2001; Small, 1999; Spruce, 2001). The resulting cultural hegemony inadvertently promotes stereotypes by skimming the surface of global music making and ignoring the ethnic particularities of diverse groups (Johnson, 2004). Researchers in music and music education have demonstrated conclusively that a wide variety of cultural and ethnic groups have contributed to American musical culture; however many of these cultural 'voices' fail to be represented in the choices music educators make regarding curriculum content. For example, research on the history of Appalachian music included repertoire influenced by African American culture, but did not acknowledge African American membership in Appalachian culture (Hay, 2005; Mills, 2007; Suttles & Hopkins, 2002). Similarly, current research in music teacher education often overlooks urban students, primarily students of color, as important voices influencing American musical culture by not addressing the challenge of preparing music teachers to understand diversity (Benedict,