Bromelain

Biologically active compounds of plant origin in medicine

“…a major peptidase present in the stem, 'fruit bromelain' (EC 3.4.22.31; 5%), which is a major enzyme fraction found in the fruit juice, and two minor cysteine endopeptidases i.e. ananain (EC 3.4.22.31; 5%) and comosain [Polaina and MacCabe 2007, Nadzirah et al 2013, Amini et al 2016, Ramli et al 2018.…”

“…It is characterised by a considerably higher proteolytic activity and broader specificity than the stem bromelain, but the latter compound exhibits high proteolytic activity against protein substrates with a preference for polar amino acids in positions P 1 and P 1 '. In contrast to the stem bromelain, the fruit-derived compound is rarely used due to its limited availability and high production costs [Polaina and MacCabe 2007, Corso et al 2012, Amini et al 2016, Bernela et al 2016. The non-protein components of bromelain include escharase, which contributes to debriding effects, phosphatases, glucosidases, peroxidases, cellulases, glycoproteins, carbohydrates, and several protease inhibitors [Polaina and MacCabe 2007, Silvestre et al 2012, Smith--Marshall and Golden 2012, Amini et al 2016, Ramli et al 2018.…”

“…Additionally, mature stems have a substantially higher concentration of bromelain than fruits, from which it was first isolated [Ketnawa et al 2012, Ramli et al 2017. Due to its proteolytic activity, bromelain is used in various branches of industry: textile, chemical, medical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries as well as food industry to manufacture bakery, dairy, and brewery products [Polaina and MacCabe 2007, Spir et al 2015, Amini et al 2016, Lourenço et al 2016, Ramli et al 2017, Singh et al 2018. Bromelain facilitates digestion of proteins through partial hydrolysis of molecules into smaller peptides, thereby increasing their availability in food [Fennema 1996].…”

“…Already in ancient times, native peoples of Central and South America applied pineapple dressings to wounds and skin injuries to reduce inflammation and drank pineapple fruit juice to alleviate stomach ache and indigestion. The therapeutic properties were ascribed to bromelain used as a pharmaceutical product in 1957, when it was first applied as a therapeutic agent blocking pro-inflammatory metabolites [Amini et al 2016]. At present, bromelain is used in phytotherapy as an anti-inflammatory [Bernela et al 2016, Kargutkar and Brijesh 2018, Sharma and Sharma 2018, antibacterial [Praveen et al 2014, Ataide et al 2017, Loon et al 2018, antithrombotic [Arenajo et al 2018], and anti-oxidative [López-Pedrouso et al 2020] agent.…”

Novel Biocatalysts Based on Bromelain Immobilized on Functionalized Chitosans and Research on Their Structural Features

“…Proteases are produced by all organisms—plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria. Bromelain, the protease from the pineapple, is widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, disorders of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis, infectious diseases, and many types of cancer [ 10 ]. Moreover, due to the antiviral, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and anticoagulant activity of bromelain, the enzyme has been suggested as adjunctive therapy for patients with COVID-19 and post-COVID-19.…”