Bromide residues from methyl bromide fumigation of food commodities

Getzendaner, M. E.; Doty, A. E.; McLaughlin, Ernest L.; Lindgren, D. L.

doi:10.1021/jf60156a017

Cited by 20 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Bromide ion residues were determined using an X‐ray fluorescence spectrophotometer (Spectrace 431, Tracor Northern, Middleton, WI) according to the method described by Getzendaner et al 14 and modified by Harvey et al 15 Three diced fruit samples (50–100 g) were taken randomly from each cultivar replicate for each treatment and held for three days at ≃2.5 °C before analysis. The inorganic bromide was extracted using water as a solvent.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residues in apples and sweet cherries after methyl bromide fumigation

Hansen¹,

Sell²,

Moffit³

et al. 2000

Pest Manag. Sci.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residues in apples and sweet cherries after methyl bromide fumigation

Hansen¹,

Sell²,

Moffit³

et al. 2000

Pest Manag. Sci.

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“…MeBr made its debut as an insecticide for use on grains in 1932. 3 Since then, it has found application in the eradication of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius), 4 treatment of lice 5 and nematodes 6,7 and the fumigation of food, 8 wood 9 and soil. 10,11 MeBr has also been used as a refrigerant 5 because MeBr gas is compressible and on decompression its latent heat results in temperature reduction -it was the precursor of chlorofluorocarbons in the refrigeration industry.…”

Section: Uses Of Methyl Bromidementioning

confidence: 99%

The toxic chemistry of methyl bromide

Bulathsinghala

Shaw

2013

Hum Exp Toxicol

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Methyl bromide (MeBr) is a chemically reactive compound that has found use as a fire retardant and fumigant used for wood, soil, fruits and grains. Its use is banned in many countries because of its ozone-depleting properties. Despite this ban, the use of MeBr persists in some parts of the world (e.g. New Zealand) due to its important role in maintaining strict biosecurity of exported and imported products. Its high chemical reactivity leads to a broad toxicological profile ranging from acute respiratory toxicity following inhalation exposure, through carcinogenicity to neurotoxicty. In this article, we discuss the chemistry of MeBr in the context of its mechanisms of toxicity. The chemical reactivity of MeBr clearly underlies its toxicity. Bromine (Br) is electronegative and a good leaving group; the δ+ carbon thus facilitates electrophilic methylation of biological molecules including glutathione (GSH) via its δ− sulphur atom, leading to downstream effects due to GSH depletion. DNA alkylation, either directly by MeBr or indirectly due to reduction in GSH-mediated detoxification of reactive alkylating chemical species, might explain the carcinogenicity of MeBr. The neurotoxicity of MeBr is much more difficult to understand, but we speculate that methyl phosphates formed in cells might contribute to its neurone-specific toxicity via cholinesterase inhibition. Finally, evidence reviewed shows that it is unlikely for Br− liberated by the metabolism of MeBr to have any toxicological effect because the Br− dose is very low.

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“…Williford et al (84) reported a higher accumulation in tissues, particularly muscle, and the eye in rats fed methyl bromide fumigated diets. Bromine substitution for chloride in muscle, blood, liver, and kidney (85), as well as the higher bromine concentrations in animal proteins than in animal fat (82,86) have been reported. In summary, a broad spectrum of toxic chemicals are employed individually as well as in admixture as fumigants.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In addition to bromine taken up by crops during growth, fumigation with bromine-containing compounds used to control pests during storage can also increase their br6mine content (82,83). As much as 40 mg Br/kg on a dry weight basis was sorbed by wheat grain and larger amounts by milled wheat products.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%