Brominated flame retardants and the formation of dioxins and furans in fires and combustion

Zhang, Mengmei; Buekens, Alfons; Li, Xiaodong

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.10.014

Cited by 219 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…Although halogenated compounds are effective and commonly inexpensive, their use is coming under increasing regulatory pressure. At high temperatures, these materials were converted to volatile toxic dioxins [7]. Moreover, and more importantly, when items containing organic halogen flame retardants are discorded in a landfill the additives leach into the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Preparation, Thermal Properties, and Fire Property of a Phosphorus-Containing Flame-Retardant Styrene Copolymer

et al. 2019

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A 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO) acrylate, (6-oxidodibenzo [c,e][1,2] oxaphosphinin-6-yl) methyl acrylate (DOPOAA), has been prepared. Copolymers of styrene (St) and DOPOAA were prepared by emulsion polymerization. The chemical structures of copolymers containing levels of DOPOAA were verified using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy. The thermal properties and flame-retardant behaviors of DOPO-containing monomers and copolymers were observed using thermogravimetric analysis and micro calorimetry tests. From thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), it was found out that the T5% for decomposition of the copolymer was lower than that of polystyrene (PS), but the residue at 700 °C was higher than that of PS. The results from micro calorimetry (MCC) tests indicated that the rate for the heat release of the copolymer combustion was lower than that for PS. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) for combustion of the copolymer rose with increasing levels of DOPOAA. These data indicate that copolymerization of the phosphorus-containing flame-retardant monomer, DOPOAA, into a PS segment can effectively improve the thermal stability and flame retardancy of the copolymer.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Preparation, Thermal Properties, and Fire Property of a Phosphorus-Containing Flame-Retardant Styrene Copolymer

et al. 2019

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“…The highest values of TEQ were located in MWI station. Zhang et al (2016) noted that chlorophenols have higher formation rates of PCDD/Fs than chlorobenzenes, due to the reaction of the phenolichydroxyl, and the content of chloride in medicine were higher than in other materials of another ten types factories. In addition, the TEQ in PM, IC and EF were lower than other types factories.…”

Section: Pcdd/fs Concentration In Ambient Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

PCDD/Fs profile in ambient air of different types factories and human health risk assessment in Suzhou of Jiangsu province, China

Sun¹,

Tang²,

Chen³

et al. 2017

Atmospheric Pollution Research

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The objective of this study was to assess the potential health risks of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in ambient air of different factories. In this study, fifty-five locations were selected and represented eleven type factories, including municipal solid waste incineration factory (MSWI), hazardous solid waste incineration factory (HSWI), sewage sludge treatment factory (SST), medical waste incineration factory (MWI), electronic factory (EF), pharmaceutical factory in large infusion (PILI), oral medication class factory (OMC), inorganic chemical factory (IC), organic chemical factory (OC), paper mills factory (PM) and mechanical factory (MF). We found that toxic equivalent concentration of PCDD/Fs (TEQ) ranged from 0.236±0.198 to 0.48±0.442 pg I-TEQ/Nm 3 in 11 kinds of factories, and average value of TEQs in 11 factories were lower than atmospheric PCDD/F standard (0.6 pg I-TEQ/m3) announced in Japan, and the mean values of TEQ in ambient air of factories were in the decreasing order of MWI > MSWI > PILI > MF > OC > SST > HSWI > OMC > PM > EF > IC. In addition, lifetime average daily doses (LADDs) and their resultant excess cancer risks (ECRs) for workers in those factories were calculated. The results suggested that potential health risk might be occurred in those ambient air.

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“…FRs are the chemical substance that are being added to materials both to constrain and delay the spread of fire after ignition or to discontinue the polymer combustion process . FRs have been classified based on their chemical constituents, ways of incorporation and their working mode as displayed in Fig.…”

Section: Flame Retardancymentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on potential development of flame retardant kenaf fibers reinforced polymer composites

Saba

Jawaid

Alothman

et al. 2016

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Kenaf fibers have been extensively explored from the past few decades in polymer composites industries owing to its extensive adaptations, excellent properties together with its comparable mechanical properties to traditional glass fibers polymer composites. The combustibility or lowered flame retardancy hampered the diverse applications of kenaf fibers reinforced polymer composites, as it affects the mechanical strength and stiffness of composites during fire. Current review article intended to be a comprehensive source of published literature involving the flame retardants (FRs), types and applications of FRs and the fabrication of kenaf fibers reinforced polymer composites. This article will also provide a perfect data on the recent development of the FR kenaf fibers polymer composites with different FRs and explored its structural and semi‐structural industrial application for performing further research in this topic. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Brominated flame retardants and the formation of dioxins and furans in fires and combustion

Cited by 219 publications

References 94 publications

The Preparation, Thermal Properties, and Fire Property of a Phosphorus-Containing Flame-Retardant Styrene Copolymer

The Preparation, Thermal Properties, and Fire Property of a Phosphorus-Containing Flame-Retardant Styrene Copolymer

PCDD/Fs profile in ambient air of different types factories and human health risk assessment in Suzhou of Jiangsu province, China

A review on potential development of flame retardant kenaf fibers reinforced polymer composites

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