Bromocarbons in the tropical coastal and open ocean atmosphere during the 2009 Prime Expedition Scientific Cruise (PESC-09)

Nadzir, Mohd Shahrul Mohd; Phang, Siew‐Moi; Abas, Mhd Radzi Bin; Rahman, Noorsaadah Abdul; Samah, Azizan Abu; Sturges, William T.; Oram, D. E.; Mills, G.; Elvidge, Emma Leedham; Pyle, J. A.; Harris, Neil; Robinson, A. D.; Ashfold, Matthew J.; Mead, Mohammed Iqbal; Latif, Mohd Talib; Khan, Firoz; Amiruddin, Abd Muhaimin; Banan, Negar; Hanafiah, Marlia Mohd

doi:10.5194/acp-14-8137-2014

Cited by 22 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Our simulations in the East China Sea suggest anthropogenic bromoform contributions of 1.7-5.1 ppt near Shanghai, being on the upper side of the observations. Nadzir et al with Nadzir et al (2014). In the Strait of Malacca, our simulations suggest 0.2-0.7 ppt (LOW to MODERATE) which is lower than the observations.…”

Section: Bromoform Measurements In the Marine Boundary Layer 370contrasting

confidence: 64%

Simulations of anthropogenic bromoform indicate high emissions at the coast of East Asia

Maas¹,

Jia²,

Quack³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract. Bromoform is the major by-product from chlorination of cooling water in coastal power plants. Power plants in East and Southeast Asian economies have increased rapidly exceeding global growth. Bottom-up estimates of bromoform emissions based on few measurements appear to under-represent the industrial sources of bromoform from East Asia. By means of Lagrangian analyses, we assess the amount of bromoform produced from power plant cooling water treatment in East and Southeast Asia. The spread of bromoform is simulated as passive particles that are advected using the 3-dimensional velocity fields from the high-resolution NEMO-ORCA0083 ocean general circulation model. Simulations are run for three scenarios with varying initial bromoform concentrations given by the range of measurements of bromoform in cooling water discharge. From comparison of our model results to observations, we expect initial bromoform concentrations between 20&#8211;60&#8201;&#181;g&#8201;L&#8722;1 used for the two lower scenarios, to be most realistic. From these two scenarios, we find elevated bromoform along the coastlines of East Asia with average concentrations of 23 and 68&#8201;pmol&#8201;L&#8722;1 and maximum values in the Yellow, Japan and East China Seas. The industrially-produced bromoform is quickly emitted into the atmosphere with average air-sea flux of 3.1 and 9.1&#8201;nmol&#8201;m&#8722;2&#8201;h&#8722;1, respectively. Based on the emission estimates, atmospheric abundances of anthropogenic bromoform are derived from FLEXPART simulations and compared to simulations based on climatological bottom-up emission estimates. In the marine boundary layer of East Asia, anthropogenic bromoform amounts up to 0.5&#8211;1.6&#8201;ppt during boreal summer and is thus 2&#8211;7 times larger compared to the bottom-up estimates. During boreal winter some part of the anthropogenic bromoform is transported by the northeasterly winter monsoon towards the tropical regions, whereas during boreal summer anthropogenic bromoform is confined to the northern hemisphere subtropics. Convective events in the tropics entrain an additional 0.03&#8201;ppt of anthropogenic bromoform into the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere. We find that bromoform from cooling water treatment in East Asia is a significant source of atmospheric bromine responsible for annual emissions of 100&#8211;300&#8201;Mmol Br, which might be a missing factor in global flux estimates of organic bromine. About 90&#8201;% of this anthropogenic bromoform is discharged north of 20&#176;&#8201;N, while in the tropics natural sources dominate and only a small fraction of the anthropogenic bromoform reaches the stratosphere.

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Section: Bromoform Measurements In the Marine Boundary Layer 370contrasting

confidence: 64%

Simulations of anthropogenic bromoform indicate high emissions at the coast of East Asia

Maas¹,

Jia²,

Quack³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…The TWP, particularly during boreal winter, is a region of active convection and one of the most important pathways for compounds with short tropospheric lifetimes to reach the stratosphere (Aschmann et al, 2009;Bergman et al, 2012;Levine et al, 2007;Schofield et al, 2011). Consequently, the TWP and nearby Southeast Asia have been regions where a number of ground and ship-based campaigns have been conducted to study oceanic emissions of VSLS (Brinckmann et al, 2012;Mohd Nadzir et al, 2014;Robinson et al, 2014). Additionally, aircraft campaigns observed mixing ratios of VSLS in Southeast Asia that were slightly elevated with respect to measurements collected in the rest of the tropics (Sala et al, 2014;Wisher et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stratospheric Injection of Brominated Very Short‐Lived Substances: Aircraft Observations in the Western Pacific and Representation in Global Models

et al. 2018

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We quantify the stratospheric injection of brominated very short‐lived substances (VSLS) based on aircraft observations acquired in winter 2014 above the Tropical Western Pacific during the CONvective TRansport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) and the Airborne Tropical TRopopause EXperiment (ATTREX) campaigns. The overall contribution of VSLS to stratospheric bromine was determined to be 5.0 ± 2.1 ppt, in agreement with the 5 ± 3 ppt estimate provided in the 2014 World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Ozone Assessment report (WMO 2014), but with lower uncertainty. Measurements of organic bromine compounds, including VSLS, were analyzed using CFC‐11 as a reference stratospheric tracer. From this analysis, 2.9 ± 0.6 ppt of bromine enters the stratosphere via organic source gas injection of VSLS. This value is two times the mean bromine content of VSLS measured at the tropical tropopause, for regions outside of the Tropical Western Pacific, summarized in WMO 2014. A photochemical box model, constrained to CONTRAST observations, was used to estimate inorganic bromine from measurements of BrO collected by two instruments. The analysis indicates that 2.1 ± 2.1 ppt of bromine enters the stratosphere via inorganic product gas injection. We also examine the representation of brominated VSLS within 14 global models that participated in the Chemistry‐Climate Model Initiative. The representation of stratospheric bromine in these models generally lies within the range of our empirical estimate. Models that include explicit representations of VSLS compare better with bromine observations in the lower stratosphere than models that utilize longer‐lived chemicals as a surrogate for VSLS.

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“…Many terrestrial plants have been identified as sources of CH 3 Cl (Yokouchi et al, 2007), and the results of recent modeling indicate that about 55 % of the global sources of CH 3 Cl originate from tropical lands (Xiao et al, 2010;Carpenter et al, 2014). It has also been suggested that natural terrestrial sources of CH 3 Br, especially emissions from terrestrial vegetation, must account for a large part of the missing sources Yassaa et al, 2009;Warwick et al, 2006;Gan et al, 1998;Yokouchi et al, 2002;Moore, 2006;Rhew et al, 2001;Wishkerman et al, 2008), and emissions have been observed from peatlands, wetlands, salt marshes, shrublands, forests and some cultivated crops (Gan et al, 1998;Varner et al, 1999;Lee-Taylor and Holland, 2000). CHCl 3 has also been found to be emitting from various terrestrial sources, including rice, soil, tundra, forest floor and different types of microorganisms, such as fungi and termites (see Dimmer et al, 2001 andRhew et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emission of volatile halogenated organic compounds over various Dead Sea landscapes

et al. 2019

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Volatile halogenated organic compounds (VHOCs), such as methyl halides (CH 3 X; X is Br, Cl and I) and very short-lived halogenated substances (VSLSs; bromoform -CHBr 3 , dibromomethane -CH 2 Br 2 , bromodichloromethane -CHBrCl 2 , trichloroethylene -C 2 HCl 3 , chloroform -CHCl 3 -and dibromochloromethane -CHBr 2 Cl) are well known for their significant influence on ozone concentrations and oxidation capacity of the troposphere and stratosphere and for their key role in aerosol formation. Insufficient characterization of the sources and the emission rate of VHOCs limits our ability to understand and assess their impact in both the troposphere and stratosphere. Over the last two decades, several natural terrestrial sources for VHOCs, including soil and vegetation, have been identified, but our knowledge of emission rates from these sources and their responses to changes in ambient conditions remains limited. Here we report measurements of the mixing ratios and fluxes of several chlorinated and brominated VHOCs from different landscapes and natural and agricultural vegetated sites at the Dead Sea during different seasons. Fluxes were generally positive (emission into the atmosphere), corresponding to elevated mixing ratios, but were highly variable. Fluxes (and mixing ratios) for the investigated VHOCs ranged as follows: CHBr 3 from −79 to 187 nmol m −2 d −1 (1.9 to 22.6 pptv), CH 2 Br 2 from −55 to 71 nmol m −2 d −1 (0.7 to 19 pptv), CHBr 2 Cl from −408 to 768 nmol m −2 d −1 (0.4 to 11 pptv), CHBrCl 2 from −29 to 45 nmol m −2 d −1 (0.5 to 9.6 pptv), CHCl 3 from −577 to 883 nmol m −2 d −1 (15 to 57 pptv), C 2 HCl 3 from −74 to 884 nmol m −2 d −1 (0.4 to 11 pptv), methyl chloride (CH 3 Cl) from -5300 to 10,800 nmol m −2 d −1 (530 to 730 pptv), methyl bromide (CH 3 Br) from −111 to 118 nmol m −2 d −1 (7.5 to 14 pptv) and methyl iodide (CH 3 I) from −25 to 17 nmol m −2 d −1 (0.4 to 2.8 pptv). Taking into account statistical uncertainties, the coastal sites (particularly those where soil is mixed with salt deposits) were identified as sources of all VHOCs, but this was not statistically significant for CHCl 3 . Further away from the coastal area, the bare soil sites were sources for CHBrCl 2 , CHBr 2 Cl, CHCl 3 , and probably also for CH 2 Br 2 and CH 3 I, and the agricultural sites were sources for CHBr 3 , CHBr 2 Cl and CHBrCl 2 . In contrast to previous reports, we also observed emissions of brominated trihalomethanes, with net molar fluxes ordered as follows: CHBr 2 Cl > CHCl 3 > CHBr 3 > CHBrCl 2 and lowest positive flux incidence for CHCl 3 among all trihalomethanes; this finding can be explained by the soil's enrichment with Br. Correlation analysis, in agreement with recent studies, indicated common controls for the emission of CHBr 2 Cl and CHBrCl 2 and likely also for CHBr 3 . There were no indications for correlation of the brominated trihalomethanes with CHCl 3 . Also in line with previous reports, we observed elevated emissions of Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences ...

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Bromocarbons in the tropical coastal and open ocean atmosphere during the 2009 Prime Expedition Scientific Cruise (PESC-09)

Cited by 22 publications

References 30 publications

Simulations of anthropogenic bromoform indicate high emissions at the coast of East Asia

Simulations of anthropogenic bromoform indicate high emissions at the coast of East Asia

Stratospheric Injection of Brominated Very Short‐Lived Substances: Aircraft Observations in the Western Pacific and Representation in Global Models

Emission of volatile halogenated organic compounds over various Dead Sea landscapes

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