Bronze Age and Iron Age gold torcs and earrings from the Iberian Atlantic façade: a non‐invasive multi‐analytical approach to the characterisation of the alloys and the corrosion

Guerra, Maria; Tissot, Isabel

doi:10.1002/xrs.2628

Cited by 20 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The information used for processing quantification comes from a layer whose thickness very much depends on the amount of gold (highest Z) in the alloy, the energy of the X-ray lines used for elemental quantification, and the type of incident radiation (charged particles or X-rays). Nevertheless, EDS always analyses a very thin layer, below 0.6 lm, which for untreated surfaces may suffer from the heterogeneities caused by tarnishing or corrosion during burial [18][19][20].…”

Section: Surface Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Gold from the tomb of Scribe Beri: a comparative analytical approach to the New Kingdom gold grave goods from Riqqa (Egypt)

Troalen

Guerra

2016

Appl. Phys. A

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The gold necklace and penannular earrings from tomb 296 at Riqqa, containing the coffins of a female and of a male, the latter a scribe named Beri of the reign of Tuthmosis III (eighteenth Dynasty Egypt), were analysed by PIXE, XRF, and EDS, together with eight penannular earrings from other find-spots of the same period. Analysis of jewellery items from tomb 296 at Riqqa revealed the use of high-purity gold alloys and electrum alloys, while the other earrings investigated were found to be made of electrum with high Ag content. Two earrings conserved in different museums were shown to be originally a pair. PIXE mapping revealed the extensive use of a hard soldering technique for the joints, with the solders being obtained by the addition of Cu to the base alloy. The presence of PGE inclusions indicated the use of alluvial gold, but the variability of their composition could be ascribed to the recycling of gold from different origins, in the case of some objects.

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Section: Surface Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Gold from the tomb of Scribe Beri: a comparative analytical approach to the New Kingdom gold grave goods from Riqqa (Egypt)

Troalen

Guerra

2016

Appl. Phys. A

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“…The composition of placer gold varies with mineralisation type, yielding silver as major alloying element (up to 20–30 wt%) and copper rarely exceeding 1 wt% . Moreover, if the alluvial nuggets were associated with heavy minerals such as cassiterite, secondary gold can have significant amounts of tin, being however by itself inadequate to fingerprint gold artefacts due to the expected variations in prehistoric metallurgical operations …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micro-EDXRF investigation of Chalcolithic gold ornaments from Portuguese Estremadura

et al. 2017

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Chalcolithic gold artefacts assigned to the Bell Beaker Culture in Portuguese Estremadura were analysed by micro-energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. These high-status jewels comprise beads of tubular, spiral and double-conical type, a spiral ring and a wire fragment. The collection is mainly composed of gold with 8.7-16.3 wt% Ag and <0.04 wt% Cu. Additionally, there is a typologically uncommon double-conical bead showing a lower Ag content (6.7 wt%). The relative intensity of the Ag-Kα and Ag-Lα X-rays from artefacts established the existence of a surface layer depleted in silver, while the reasonable effective penetration depth of the Ag-Kα (about 25-30 μm) provided suitable results for such high fineness gold alloys. A uniform Au-Ag composition at the joint indicates that the double-conical bead was made by joining two sheets without solder. Overall, the collection shows a composition that is similar to known Chalcolithic gold in Portuguese Estremadura but different from coeval gold in Southwestern Iberian Peninsula. The distinct compositional pattern of Chalcolithic gold in Portuguese Estremadura seems to be inconsistent with the natural variability of silver content in alluvial deposits of gold in Iberian Peninsula, thus suggesting a continuous use of particular sources and limited exchange of nuggets and jewels with the neighbouring region.

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“…New data have subsequently appeared in the publications of Ladra and Martinón-Torres (2009), Perea et al (2010), Martinón-Torres and Ladra (2011), Guerra andTissot (2013, 2015) and Ladra et al (2014).…”

Section: Discussion and Closing Remarksmentioning

confidence: 94%

Dating Iron Age goldwork: First direct AMS <sup>14</sup>C results from Northwestern Iberia

Armada¹,

García-Vuelta²

2015

Trab. prehist.

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1 2This article presents the first direct radiocarbon dates for NW Iberian "Castro culture" goldwork. Three samples were taken from a melting mass and a plano-convex ingot from the so-called Recouso (Oroso, A Coruña) and Calvos de Randín (Ourense) "hoards". The study includes pXRF analysis of the pieces from both assemblages. Identification of charcoal samples allowed us to better evaluate the results. The dates point to a period late in the Second Iron Age for both assemblages. They are the first direct chronological references for this rich goldworking tradition after more than a hundred years of investigation and they open up a line of research that offers interesting future prospects. RESUMEN

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Bronze Age and Iron Age gold torcs and earrings from the Iberian Atlantic façade: a non‐invasive multi‐analytical approach to the characterisation of the alloys and the corrosion

Cited by 20 publications

References 23 publications

Gold from the tomb of Scribe Beri: a comparative analytical approach to the New Kingdom gold grave goods from Riqqa (Egypt)

Gold from the tomb of Scribe Beri: a comparative analytical approach to the New Kingdom gold grave goods from Riqqa (Egypt)

Micro-EDXRF investigation of Chalcolithic gold ornaments from Portuguese Estremadura

Dating Iron Age goldwork: First direct AMS <sup>14</sup>C results from Northwestern Iberia

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