Brown recluse spider (<i>Loxosceles reclusa</i>) envenomation in small animals

Pace, Lonny B.; Vetter, Richard S.

doi:10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00440.x

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…gaucho venom, induced a similar modulation on rabbit leukocyte cells, generating neutrophilia and leukopenia [30], both observed in our results. Other effects related to blood are: modulation on coagulation times, thrombocytopenia, hemoglobinuria and hemolysis, in humans [31–32] and small animals [33], Up to date, acanthocytosis was not previously described in loxoscelism, since laboratory tests related to loxoscelism usually only include hemoglobin, hematocrit and full coagulation counts, and therefore, this sign remained undescribed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acanthocytosis and brain damage in area postrema and choroid plexus: Description of novel signs of Loxosceles apachea envenomation in rats

et al. 2019

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Loxocelism is a neglected medical problem that depends on its severity, can cause a cutaneous or viscero-cutaneous syndrome. This syndrome is characterized by hemostatic effects and necrosis, and the severity of the loxoscelism depends on the amount of venom injected, the zone of inoculation, and the species. In the Chihuahuan desert, the most abundant species is L. apachea. Its venom and biological effects are understudied, including neurological effects. Thus, our aim is to explore the effect of this regional species of medical interest in the United States-Mexico border community, using rat blood and central nervous system (CNS), particularly, two brain structures involved in brain homeostasis, Area postrema (AP) and Choroid plexus (PC). L. apachea specimens were collected and venom was obtained. Different venom concentrations (0, 0.178 and 0.87 μg/g) were inoculated into Sprague-Dawley rats (intraperitoneal injection). Subsequently, blood was extracted and stained with Wright staining; coronal sections of AP were obtained and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) staining and laminin γ immunolabelling, the same was done with CP sections. Blood, AP and CP were observed under the microscope and abnormalities in erythrocytes and fluctuation in leukocyte types were described and quantified in blood. Capillaries were also quantified in AP and damage was described in CP. L. apachea venom produced a segmented neutrophil increment (neutrophilia), lymphocyte diminishment (leukopenia) and erythrocytes presented membrane abnormalities (acanthocytosis). Extravasated erythrocytes were observed in HE stained sections from both, AP and CP, which suggest that near to this section a hemorrhage is present; through immunohistofluorescence, a diminishment of laminin γ was observed in AP endothelial cells and in CP ependymal cells when these structures were exposed to L. apachea venom. In conclusion, L. apachea venom produced leukopenia, netrophilia and acanthocytosis in rat peripheral blood, and also generated hemorrhages on AP and CP through degradation of laminin γ.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Area postrema is a chemosensitive brain structure that is involved on neurosecretion, cardiovascular and respiratory control, and emesis [15]. The last symptom occurs in viscero-cutaneous loxoscelism [1, 33]. This suggests that AP is involved or at least stimulated during loxoscelism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acanthocytosis and brain damage in area postrema and choroid plexus: Description of novel signs of Loxosceles apachea envenomation in rats

et al. 2019

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“…Theoretically, this serum could neutralize in a more efficient way the deleterious effects of loxoscelic envenoming PLDs. On the other hand, these same mutated toxins could still be used as protective antigens in the construction of anti-loxoscelic vaccines, which could be indicated in endemic regions such as South America [2,5], or as veterinary use in domesticated animals, as well as in livestock, a quite common possibility [103].…”

Section: A New Generation Of Anti-loxoscelic Sera and Vaccines Using mentioning

confidence: 99%

Forty Years of the Description of Brown Spider Venom Phospholipases-D

Gremski

Justa

Silva

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Spiders of the genus Loxosceles, popularly known as Brown spiders, are considered a serious public health issue, especially in regions of hot or temperate climates, such as parts of North and South America. Although the venoms of these arachnids are complex in molecular composition, often containing proteins with distinct biochemical characteristics, the literature has primarily described a family of toxins, the Phospholipases-D (PLDs), which are highly conserved in all Loxosceles species. PLDs trigger most of the major clinical symptoms of loxoscelism i.e., dermonecrosis, thrombocytopenia, hemolysis, and acute renal failure. The key role played by PLDs in the symptomatology of loxoscelism was first described 40 years ago, when researches purified a hemolytic toxin that cleaved sphingomyelin and generated choline, and was referred to as a Sphingomyelinase-D, which was subsequently changed to Phospholipase-D when it was demonstrated that the enzyme also cleaved other cellular phospholipids. In this review, we present the information gleaned over the last 40 years about PLDs from Loxosceles venoms especially with regard to the production and characterization of recombinant isoforms. The history of obtaining these toxins is discussed, as well as their molecular organization and mechanisms of interaction with their substrates. We will address cellular biology aspects of these toxins and how they can be used in the development of drugs to address inflammatory processes and loxoscelism. Present and future aspects of loxoscelism diagnosis will be discussed, as well as their biotechnological applications and actions expected for the future in this field.

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“…In the United States of America, mainly in the South region, and in Central America the spiders Loxosceles reclusa, L. arizonica and L. deserta prevail. In South America Loxosceles intermedia, L. laeta and L. gaucho are predominant, which are of great medical importance, especially as they present endemic dissemination in some regions of Brazil, Chile and Peru [3,6,[8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brown spider venom toxins: what are the functions of astacins, serine proteases, hyaluronidases, allergens, TCTP, serpins and knottins?

Gremski

Matsubara

Justa

et al. 2021

J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis

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Accidents caused by the bites of brown spiders (Loxosceles) generate a clinical condition that often includes a threatening necrotic skin lesion near the bite site along with a remarkable inflammatory response. Systemic disorders such as hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure may occur, but are much less frequent than the local damage. It is already known that phospholipases D, highly expressed toxins in Loxosceles venom, can induce most of these injuries. However, this spider venom has a great range of toxins that probably act synergistically to enhance toxicity. The other protein classes remain poorly explored due to the difficulty in obtaining sufficient amounts of them for a thorough investigation. They include astacins (metalloproteases), serine proteases, knottins, translationally controlled tumor proteins (TCTP), hyaluronidases, allergens and serpins. It has already been shown that some of them, according to their characteristics, may participate to some extent in the development of loxoscelism. In addition, all of these toxins present potential application in several areas. The present review article summarizes information regarding some functional aspects of the protein classes listed above, discusses the directions that could be taken to materialize a comprehensive investigation on each of these toxins as well as highlights the importance of exploring the full venom repertoire.

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Brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) envenomation in small animals

Abstract: Prognosis varies based on severity of clinical signs and response to supportive care.

Cited by 5 publications

References 50 publications

Acanthocytosis and brain damage in area postrema and choroid plexus: Description of novel signs of Loxosceles apachea envenomation in rats

Acanthocytosis and brain damage in area postrema and choroid plexus: Description of novel signs of Loxosceles apachea envenomation in rats

Forty Years of the Description of Brown Spider Venom Phospholipases-D

Brown spider venom toxins: what are the functions of astacins, serine proteases, hyaluronidases, allergens, TCTP, serpins and knottins?

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