2021
DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2021.100116
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Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents for COVID-19: A review

Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is first detected in December 2019 in Wuhan, China which is a new pandemic caused by SARS-COV-2 that has greatly affected the whole world. Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors are drugs that are used for the management of cancer, and are being repurposed for COVID-19. BTK regulates macrophage and B cell activation, development, survival, and signaling. Inhibition of BTK has revealed an ameliorative effect on lung injury in patients with severe COVID-19. Thus, this review … Show more

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Cited by 15 publications
(12 citation statements)
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References 106 publications
(133 reference statements)
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“… 161 , 162 Although the specific mechanisms and pathways are not clear, the use of BTK inhibitors (BTKis) for the treatment of COVID‐19 results in a significant reduction of proinflammatory factors, such as IL‐6, IL‐1, TNFα, as well as relief of excessive inflammatory responses, ARDS, and thrombosis in the lung (reviewed in Refs. 163 and 164 ).…”
Section: Inflammatory Pathways In Covid‐19mentioning
confidence: 98%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“… 161 , 162 Although the specific mechanisms and pathways are not clear, the use of BTK inhibitors (BTKis) for the treatment of COVID‐19 results in a significant reduction of proinflammatory factors, such as IL‐6, IL‐1, TNFα, as well as relief of excessive inflammatory responses, ARDS, and thrombosis in the lung (reviewed in Refs. 163 and 164 ).…”
Section: Inflammatory Pathways In Covid‐19mentioning
confidence: 98%
“…Therefore, BTKis are beneficial for inflammatory responses, lung injury, thrombosis, and tumors in COVID‐19 patients. 164 Clinically, the BTKis used for COVID‐19 are ibrutinib, acalabrutinib, and zanubutinib. Ibrutinib is a first‐generation BTKi that selectively and irreversibly inhibits BTK regulation of B cells and cytokine release.…”
Section: Intervention Therapymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…BTK has a crucial role in multiple signaling pathways, including multiple Toll-like receptors (TLRs), macrophages, and dendritic cells, releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines [103] . BTK also regulates some transcription factors, such as NF-ƙB and IFN-regulatory factors, which are imperative for macrophage M1 polarization and subsequent production of several inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and phagocytosis [15] , [43] , [73] . The BTK pathway is up-regulated in pro-inflammatory macrophages and activates downstream signaling pathways.…”
Section: Brutton's Tyrosin Kinase (Btk) Inhibitormentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Besides, no toxicities were observed via using BTK inhibitors [79] . Although it is unclear how lymphopenia affects the severity of COVID-19, numerous studies show that lymphopenia is strongly associated with CRS in COVID-19 [43] .…”
Section: Brutton's Tyrosin Kinase (Btk) Inhibitormentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The tyrosine kinase receptor anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) has been linked to the development of many tumours. Clinical studies on another PTK, Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibition revealed the ameliorating cancer in SARS-CoV-2 patients ( Kifle, 2021 ). Again, for the treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and haematological malignancies (HM), BTK inhibitor like ibrutinib is the most advanced in clinical development ( Aalipour and Advani, 2014 ; Wang et al, 2015 ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%