BSMV as a Biotemplate for Palladium Nanomaterial Synthesis

Abstract

The vast unexplored virus biodiversity makes the application of virus templates to nanomaterial synthesis especially promising. Here, a new biotemplate, Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) was successfully used to synthesize organic-metal nanorods of similarly high quality to those produced with Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). The mineralization behavior was characterized in terms of the reduction and adsorption of precursor and nanocrystal formation processes. The BSMV surface-mediated reduction of Pd proceeded via first-order kinetics in both Pd and BSMV. The adsorption equilibrium relationship of PdClHO on the BSMV surface was described by a multistep Langmuir isotherm suggesting alternative adsorbate-adsorbent interactions when compared to those on TMV. It was deduced that the first local isotherm is governed by electrostatically driven adsorption, which is then followed by sorption driven by covalent affinity of metal precursor molecules for amino acid residues. Furthermore, the total adsorption capacity of palladium species on BSMV is more than double of that on TMV. Finally, study of the BSMV-Pd particles by combining USAXS and SAXS enabled the characterization of all length scales in the synthesized nanomaterials. Results confirm the presence of core-shell cylindrical particles with 1-2 nm grains. The nanorods were uniform and monodisperse, with controllable diameters and therefore, of similar quality to those synthesized with TMV. Overall, BSMV has been confirmed as a viable alternate biotemplate with unique biomineralization behavior. With these results, the biotemplate toolbox has been expanded for the synthesis of new materials and comparative study of biomineralization processes.

Therapeutic Potential of Biomineralization‐Based Engineering

“…[36,78] In addition to charged amino acids, the polypeptides or oligopeptides with high binding capability to inorganic minerals play an essential role in biomineralization processes (Figure 4). [81,82] Moreover, the M13 phage engineered with a glutamate trimer or tetramer on the major p8 capsid protein can increase the electrostatic interaction with cationic metal ions or metal precursors, which benefits the spontaneous formation of a polycrystalline or metal oxide surrounded virus coat ( Figure 4). [81,82] Moreover, the M13 phage engineered with a glutamate trimer or tetramer on the major p8 capsid protein can increase the electrostatic interaction with cationic metal ions or metal precursors, which benefits the spontaneous formation of a polycrystalline or metal oxide surrounded virus coat ( Figure 4).…”

“…In addition to charged amino acids, the polypeptides or oligopeptides with high binding capability to inorganic minerals play an essential role in biomineralization processes ( Figure ) . Fusing of hexahistidine oligopeptides to a virus coat protein can increase the binding affinity of histidine to nickel, cobalt, or zinc, which results in the mineralization on the outer surface of the TMV . Moreover, the M13 phage engineered with a glutamate trimer or tetramer on the major p8 capsid protein can increase the electrostatic interaction with cationic metal ions or metal precursors, which benefits the spontaneous formation of a polycrystalline or metal oxide surrounded virus coat (Figure ) .…”

Engineering Tobacco Mosaic Virus and Its Virus‐Like‐Particles for Synthesis of Biotemplated Nanomaterials

“…Plant‐produced BSMV has been demonstrated to be a viable biotemplate for mineralization of palladium nanowires, however, biomineralization with BSMV differs from that of TMV. [ 16 ] The surface of BSMV allows metal ion precursor deposition to proceed via a multi‐step Langmuir isotherm that incorporates both electrostatic and covalently adsorbent‐adsorbate interactions. This difference may arise in part due to the larger amount of BSMV surface‐exposed residues, compared to TMV, in an unstructured insertion loop containing 10 amino acids, that protrudes from the particle surface.…”

“…[ 16 ] BSMV has a similar architecture to TMV ( 1 ) but presents distinct surface functional groups that accelerate nanoparticle synthesis and increase nanoparticle density for increased electrical and thermal conductivities and analyte sensitivity as sensors. [ 16 ] BSMV particles encapsidate one of three nucleic acids to produce a distribution of particles at one of three lengths (108, 125, 148 nm). [ 33 ] The evolutionary similarities between TMV and BSMV may allow successful engineering strategies from TMV to be applied in BSMV to expand and enhance the properties of BSMV‐derived biotemplates.…”

Protein-Mediated Biotemplating on the Nanoscale

“…A lattice with an accurate spacing of 0.4 nm was readily prepared, its structure characterized by HRTEM and SEM, and the feasibility of its functionality as a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) device demonstrated. Gold dendrites were co-deposited with M13 virus as a biosensor platform for nitrite ions by Seo et al [68] and tunable core-shell barley stripe mosaic virus (BMMV)–palladium nanowires were readily obtained, as described by Adigum et al [69].…”