Bt corn and impact on mycotoxins.

Wu, Felicia

doi:10.1079/pavsnnr20072060

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The authors concluded that, according to EU regulation, 93% of the Bt maize crops could be sold as food/feed, compared with only 45% for conventional maize. A significant reduction in certain mycotoxins in Bt maize compared with conventional maize has also been reported from other experimental studies across European countries and the United States 13, 39. Furthermore, reduced silk clipping and kernel feeding by corn borer larvae and corn rootworm adults is particularly beneficial in seed and sweet maize production, where high grain quality is essential for marketing 15…”

Section: Incentives To Growing Bt Maizesupporting

confidence: 53%

Bt maize and integrated pest management ‐ a European perspective

Meissle

Romeis

Bigler

2011

Pest Management Science

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The European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis), the Mediterranean corn borer (Sesamia nonagrioides) and the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) are the main arthropod pests in European maize production. Practised pest control includes chemical control, biological control and cultural control such as ploughing and crop rotation. A pest control option that is available since 1996 is maize varieties that are genetically engineered (GE) to produce insecticidal compounds. GE maize varieties available today express one or several genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that target corn borers or corn rootworms. Incentives to growing Bt maize are simplified farm operations, high pest control efficiency, improved grain quality and ecological benefits. Limitations include the risk of resistance evolution in target pest populations, risk of secondary pest outbreaks and increased administration to comply with licence agreements. Growers willing to plant Bt maize in the European Union (EU) often face the problem that authorisation is denied. Only one Bt maize transformation event (MON810) is currently authorised for commercial cultivation, and some national authorities have banned cultivation. Spain is the only EU member state where Bt maize adoption levels are currently delivering farm income gains near full potential levels. In an integrated pest management (IPM) context, Bt maize can be regarded as a preventive (host plant resistance) or a responsive pest control measure. In any case, Bt maize is a highly specific tool that efficiently controls the main pests and allows combination with other preventive or responsive measures to solve other agricultural problems including those with secondary pests.

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Section: Incentives To Growing Bt Maizesupporting

confidence: 53%

Bt maize and integrated pest management ‐ a European perspective

Meissle

Romeis

Bigler

2011

Pest Management Science

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“…If texture (endosperm type) had a major effect on mycotoxin accumulation, H614 would have been the most resistant variety, but it was the most contaminated of the varieties we investigated. Insect damage has previously been associated with mycotoxin contamination (Hell et al 2000;Wu 2007). However, we did not find a correlation between mycotoxins and weevils.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Aflatoxin and Fumonisin Contamination of Maize in Western Kenya

et al. 2015

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We conducted a survey of aflatoxin and fumonisin in maize in western Kenya. In a regional survey of aflatoxin conducted in 2009 across three agroecological zones within three administrative regions, milled maize samples were collected from 985 patrons of 26 hammer mills. Aflatoxin contamination was detected in 49% of samples and was above the regulatory (10 ppb) in 15% of the samples overall; 65% of samples from a drought-prone area were over the limit. In a detailed survey in Bungoma County, we investigated aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in four popular maize varieties at harvest and after 2 and 4 months of storage. We collected whole-grain samples from farmers' storage sheds and milled samples from patrons of local mills. Mean aflatoxin contamination was identical for storage sheds and mills at 2.3 ppb. In all, 41% of the samples from mills had detectable aflatoxin, with 4% over the regulatory limit, whereas 87% had detectable fumonisin, with 50% over the regulatory limit (1 ppm). Mean contamination levels did not change during storage. Maize varieties differed in fumonisin contamination, with the most popular varieties vulnerable to both mycotoxins and weevils, which are potential factors in exacerbating mycotoxin contamination. Mycotoxin surveillance is important not just in areas known previously for aflatoxin contamination and acute poisoning but also is needed in all maize-producing regions.

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“…In areas with high infestation of the European and Mediterranean corn borer, claimed benefits of Bt-maize are (i) higher yield levels compared with non-GM maize varieties; (ii) less pesticide treatments; (iii) lower pest damage, resulting in decreased levels of mycotoxins (e.g., fumonisin); and therefore (iv) enhanced safety and quality for animal and human consumption Wu, 2006Wu, , 2007Gómez-Barbero et al, 2008). Proponents even argue that greater efficiency, productivity and management flexibility would enhance economic competitiveness.…”

Section: Proponents' Rationale On Coexistencementioning

confidence: 99%

Coexistence of genetically modified (GM) and non-GM crops in the European Union. A review

Devos

Demont

Dillen

et al. 2009

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

166

127

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-The adoption of genetically modified (GM) crops in the European Union (EU) raises questions on the feasibility of coexistence between GM and non-GM crops. Regulations to ensure that different cropping systems can develop side-by-side without excluding any agricultural option are currently implemented or developed by member states. The aim of this review is to explore whether nationally or regionally proposed coexistence strategies comply with the general principles established by the European Commission that ask for science-based and proportionate coexistence measures. In the first part, existing legal requirements and potential sources of adventitious mixing are reviewed. It is discussed what type of coexistence measures might be necessary to keep GM inputs below the legal tolerance threshold of 0.9%. Concentrating on cross-fertilisation as the major biological source of adventitious mixing in maize, it is then assessed to which extent available scientific data on cross-fertilisation can explain the diversity of currently proposed isolation distances by several member states. In the second part, it is analysed whether currently proposed isolation distances reflect contending policy objectives towards GM crops that largely exceed the economic scope of coexistence. It is investigated how coexistence is intersecting with a wider debate about the role of GM crops in agriculture. Based on the analysis of existing cross-fertilisation data, it is concluded that some of the currently proposed isolation distances are not in line with the coexistence principles laid down by the European Commission: they are (i) excessive from a scientific point of view; (ii) difficult to implement in practice; (iii) rarely proportional to the regional heterogeneity in the agricultural landscape; and (iv) not proportional to the farmers' basic economic incentives for coexistence. Hence, the range of proposed isolation distances cannot simply be explained by different interpretations of available scientific data, possible error intervals and remaining uncertainties inherent in the scientific process. It is argued that other than scientific issues must be at play. One might thus claim that coexistence has become an arena of contending values and visions on the future of agriculture and on the role GM crops might play therein.adventitious mixing / Bt-maize / coexistence / cross-fertilisation / flexible measures / genetically modified (GM) crops / isolation distances / liability / fixed measures / sustainable development

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Bt corn and impact on mycotoxins.

Cited by 18 publications

References 39 publications

Bt maize and integrated pest management ‐ a European perspective

Bt maize and integrated pest management ‐ a European perspective

Assessment of Aflatoxin and Fumonisin Contamination of Maize in Western Kenya

Coexistence of genetically modified (GM) and non-GM crops in the European Union. A review

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