Bubbling and frothing liquids

Abstract

We present a discrete particle based method capable of creating very realistic animations of bubbles in fluids. It allows for the generation (nucleation) of bubbles from gas dissolved in the fluid, the motion of the discrete bubbles including bubble collisions and drag interactions with the liquid which could be undergoing complex free surface motion, the formation and motion of coupled foams and the final dissipation of bubbles. This allows comprehensive simulations of dynamic bubble behavior. The underlying fluid simulation is based on the mesh-free Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics method. Each particle representing the liquid contains an amount of dissolved gas. Gas is transferred from the continuum fluid model to the discrete bubble model at nucleation sites on the surface of solid bodies. The rate of gas transport to the nucleation sites controls the rate of bubble generation, producing very natural time variations in bubble numbers. Rising bubbles also grow by gathering more gas from the surrounding liquid as they move. This model contains significant bubble scale physics and allows, in principle, the capturing of many important processes that cannot be directly modeled by traditional methods. The method is used here to realistically animate the pouring of a glass of beer, starting with a stream of fresh beer entering the glass, the formation of a dense cloud of bubbles, which rise to create a good head as the beer reaches the top of the glass.

Retracted: Unified Framework for Efficient and Enriched Water Animation with Surface and Wave Foams

“…Cleary et al [CPPK07] proposed a new SPH technique to model gases dissolved in carbonated drinks. SPH particles representing the dissolved gases are transferred to a discrete bubble model within the SPH fluid model.…”

Lagrangian particle-based simulation of fluid-solid coupling on graphics processing units

“…Thirdly, our method does not handle the generation of bubbles during fluid-solid interaction. We believe that the bubbles can be simulated by incorporating the method of [36] into our framework. In the future, our uniform particle method will be extended to simulate more complex phenomena such as interaction between fluid and permeable or erodible solid.…”

Simulation of two‐phase flow with sub‐scale droplet and bubble effects

“…Finally, our method introduces a simple kinematic model based on Stokes' law to account for small bubble motion. This is comparable in effectiveness with the more complex one proposed by [CPPK07]. In this paper we do not focus on small bubble accumulation and foam generation, as they do, but rather we propose a unified framework for macro and micro scale twophase flow simulation, which can be quite easily augmented with extra models such as the one proposed by them for beer foam.…”