This is by no means a trivial task. While the widely used finite element analysis (FEA) is very versatile, allowing structures with a wide range of loading and boundary conditions to 3 be analyzed, it comes at a high computational cost. This is particularly the case when performing design optimization involving large numbers of design variables, which requires many finite element analyses to be carried out.The specialist analysis and optimum design software VICON 2 is based on an 'exact' strip method, and so allows prismatic aerospace structural components, such as aircraft wing panels, to be analyzed in a much faster and more efficient way. However, while the software can analyze and design integral structural components whose cross-sections and loading are longitudinally invariant, it is unable to design a general 3-dimensional structure subject to a complex external loading. Typically, finite element analyses of the overall structural system are required to determine the loads acting on the individual structural components prior to any VICON analysis and optimization. Despite this and some approximations required by the modeling process, VICON has been used for analysis and design purposes, in both industry and academia, for more than a decade. Three different geometries of plate and nine panels with different aspect ratios and radii of curvature were examined. Each plate/panel was constructed from eight plies of carbon fibre epoxy pre-preg arranged in a balanced, symmetrical lay-up. In each case the lay-up was designed to optimise the buckling strength using a combination of VICON and the commercially available finite element analysis (FEA) code ABAQUS/Standard.
Optimisation
MethodIn order to determine the optimum design for each of the plates and panels, a two-stage process was undertaken.In the first stage, the software VICON was used to perform series of parametric studies on a model with simplified geometry, load and boundary conditions. In each of these studies the effect of varying ply orientation on the buckling load was investigated by altering the lay-up of each ply in five degree steps, whilst maintaining a balanced symmetric lay-up. Due to the efficiency of the analysis, it was possible to a large number of studies relatively quickly, thereby generating response surfaces plotting buckling load against lay-up for each geometry, from which an optimum design to this simplified problem could be selected.Following this initial optimisation, the finite element analysis software ABAQUS/Standard was used in combination with a more accurate model in terms of geometry load and boundary 5 conditions to perform a second study using a linear eigenvalue analysis based around the optima determined in the first stage using VICON.In this way each piece of software was used to its best effect, with the majority of analyses being carried out using the extremely efficient VICON, and the final solution determined using FEA.
VICON
'Exact' Strip Method and Wittrick-Williams AlgorithmAs stated previously VICON analyses...