“…While the individual-difference factors above refer to relatively consistent and enduring dispositional differences, we note that values attitudes, and beliefs (which are characterized as being more changeable over time and situations) can also be related to positive coping outcomes. For example, research highlights the crucial role that differences in beliefs and values around spirituality can play in predicting positive health and psychological outcomes (Abraído-Lanza et al, 2004; Andersen et al, 2014; Bai et al, 2015; Bergman et al, 2011; Bovero et al, 2016; Dobratz, 2016; Kharame et al, 2014; Weinert et al, 2008; Whitford and Olver, 2012; Whitford et al, 2008; Wijesinghe and Parshall, 2016). For example, spirituality was an important predictor of quality of life for Italian patients with advanced cancer (Bovero et al, 2016) and was highly associated with adopting a “fighting spirit” in Australian patients with early stage cancer (Whitford and Olver, 2012).…”