Building Evacuation in Emergencies: A Review and Interpretation of Software for Simulating Pedestrian Egress

Castle, Christian J. E.; Longley, Paul

doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8507-9_10

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…First, ball-bearing, fluid-dynamic and flow-based models extended the mathematical flow models with individual occupant modeling and queuing. However, these aggregate models still treated individuals as homogenous groups acting together (Castle & Longley, 2008;Santos & Aguirre, 2004) with the speed and direction of human movement determined by physical constraints. The aforementioned models were later on slowly replaced by individual level modeling with humans as active agents, which made it possible to link human movement with human behavior (Gwynne, et al, 1999).…”

Section: State-of-the-art In Evacuation Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The aforementioned models were later on slowly replaced by individual level modeling with humans as active agents, which made it possible to link human movement with human behavior (Gwynne, et al, 1999). The development of automata allowed for the processing of dynamic characteristics (Castle & Longley, 2008;Gwynne, et al, 1999).…”

Section: State-of-the-art In Evacuation Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measuring the exitability of buildings: A new perspective on indoor accessibility

et al. 2012

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In the last decades, geographers' attention has been drawn to the vertical dimension of space and indoor environments due to population growth and concomitant city expansion. While traditional geography has long studied merely horizontal relationships of spatial processes and phenomena, recent years have also witnessed a growing number of studies that have sought to extend traditional spatial analysis tools to three-dimensional and indoor environments. In line with these developments, this paper proposes a new indoor accessibility measure which quantifies the quality of access to exits, called exitability. In this, the movement of people with respect to its three-dimensional environment, the user characteristics and the surrounding occupant interactions is considered key. Since the accessibility of exits is most important during evacuations, the calculation of exitability uses existing evacuation flow models. In a case study, we demonstrate the usefulness of exitability measurements through an application on existing building data.

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Section: State-of-the-art In Evacuation Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: State-of-the-art In Evacuation Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring the exitability of buildings: A new perspective on indoor accessibility

et al. 2012

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“…A good overview of these models is given by e.g. [1]. All proposed evacuation prediction models are capable of computing an effective evacuation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pedestrian Evacuation Optimization Dynamic Programming in Continuous Space and Time

Hoogendoorn

Daamen

Duives

et al. 2014

Traffic and Granular Flow '13

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This paper deals with the optimal allocation of routes, destination, and departure times to members of a crowd, for instance in case of an evacuation or another hazardous situation in which the people need to leave the area as quickly as possible. The generic approach minimizes the evacuation times, considering the demand dependent waiting times at bottlenecks within the considered infrastructure. We present the mathematical optimization problem for both the optimal instructions, and the continuum model describing the pedestrian flow dynamics. The key contribution of the approach is that it solves the evacuation problem considering the entire solution space in a continuous manner (i.e. both the time dimension and the routing), implying that for each location and for each time instant the optimal path towards the most favorable exit is calculated, taking into consideration the traffic flow operations along the routes. The approach is generic in the sense that different network loading models can be used, and that a variety of components can be added to the optimization objective without loss of generality. Next to presenting the framework and the mathematical model, we propose an iterative numerical solver to compute the optimal instructions. We demonstrate the abilities and opportunities of this optimization framework with two case studies.

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“…Generally, evacuation simulation can be used to detect potential deficiencies or issues that may arise during evacuation (13). How humans respond to threats and emergencies in crowded spaces is an issue that needs to be addressed in emergency management and evacuation planning, and this issue has attracted more attention in recent years (14).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulating Passenger Evacuation in Railway Station under Fire Emergency using Safe Zone Approach

Salarian

Mashhadizadeh

Bagheri

2020

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation R

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Railway stations are usually considered to be one of the main gathering centers of the city; thus, in the event of any incident, there will be significant casualties. The purpose of this study is to simulate strategies for reducing the evacuation time of the railway station in the event of fire using a safe zone approach with simulation software. To reduce the evacuation time, 18 scenarios were introduced and simulated according to (1) number of gates and exit doors, (2) width of the gates, (3) obstacles, (4) priority of the exit doors, and (5) safe zone. The results show that the best evacuation time occurs by increasing the number of exit doors from two to four and considering a safe zone simultaneously; the evacuation time is reduced by 7 min and 19 s. Using safe zones for emergency evacuation has a significant role in reducing evacuation time and improving service levels. Interestingly, the removal of gates and obstacles would increase the evacuation time of passengers. The proposed model could be used for renovating existing railway stations to decrease the consequences of accidents such as fire.

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Building Evacuation in Emergencies: A Review and Interpretation of Software for Simulating Pedestrian Egress

Cited by 6 publications

References 34 publications

Measuring the exitability of buildings: A new perspective on indoor accessibility

Measuring the exitability of buildings: A new perspective on indoor accessibility

Pedestrian Evacuation Optimization Dynamic Programming in Continuous Space and Time

Simulating Passenger Evacuation in Railway Station under Fire Emergency using Safe Zone Approach

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