Building the multitasking brain: An integrated perspective on functional brain activation during task-switching and dual-tasking

Ward, Nathan; Hussey, Erika; Cunningham, Emily; Paul, Erick J.; McWilliams, Thomas; Kramer, Arthur F.

doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107149

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Every day we engage in multitasking, be it voluntarily or not (see also Himi, Bühner, Schwaighofer, Klapetek, & Hilbert, 2019 ; Parry & le Roux, 2018 ). In the laboratory, multitasking is typically investigated by applying either a dual task paradigm, where two tasks have to be processed concurrently ( Pashler, 1994 ), or a task switching paradigm, where two or more tasks have to be executed in succession without temporal overlap ( Kiesel et al, 2010 ; Vandierendonck, Liefooghe, & Verbruggen, 2010 ; Ward, Hussey, Cunningham, Paul, McWilliams, & Kramer, 2019 , see Koch, Poljac, Müller & Kiesel, 2018 for a recent combined discussion of both paradigms). The general finding in task switching studies is that switching to another task takes longer compared to the repetition of the task which has just been executed in the previous trial.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-Based Transition Expectancy in Task Switching: Do We Need to Know the Task to Switch to?

Aufschnaiter

Kiesel

Thomaschke

2021

Journal of Cognition

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Recent research has shown that humans are able to implicitly adapt to time-transition contingencies in a task-switching paradigm, indicated by better performance in trials where the task transition (switch vs. repetition) is validly predicted by the pre-target interval compared to trials with invalidly predicted transitions. As participants switched between only two different tasks, not only the transition, but also the specific task was predictable; at least indirectly when taking into account the temporally predicted transition in the current trial together with the task in the previous trial. In order to investigate if the time-based expectancy effect for transition in previous studies was due to a specific task preparation or due to an unspecific transition preparation, three different tasks were used in the present study. One of two possible pre-target intervals (500 and 1500 ms) predicted a task switch in the upcoming trial with 90 % probability, whereas the other interval predicted a task repetition with 90 % probability. Results revealed that participants were able to prepare both upcoming repetition as well as switch requirements based on predictive pre-target intervals. This means that humans seem to be able to prepare a task switch in a rather unspecific manner, most likely by inhibiting the task just performed in the previous trial. By suggesting a two-stage preparation model in which switches as well as repetitions benefit both from timebased transition expectancy, although apparently with different cognitive processes being involved, the present study provides important impulses for future research on the cognitive processes underlying human task-switching behavior.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-Based Transition Expectancy in Task Switching: Do We Need to Know the Task to Switch to?

Aufschnaiter

Kiesel

Thomaschke

2021

Journal of Cognition

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“…Although our result did not show the difference effect of EF between the single aerobic exercise and the motor-cognitive dual task, there were some variation according to neuroimaging evidence (fMRI, fNIRS), like dual-task elicited larger region of activity in the frontal and parietal lobes than did single-tasks [ 55 ], and broader activation in a predominately right-sided fronto-parietal network and the cerebellum than single task [ 56 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Immediate and short-term effects of single-task and motor-cognitive dual-task on executive function

2023

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Objectives Executive function plays an important role in our daily life and can be affected by both single task (acute aerobic exercise or cognitive training) and dual-task (acute motor-cognitive training) interventions. Here we explored the immediate and short-term effect on executive function to texted whether dual-task interventions are more effective at promoting executive function. Methods Forty-six young men were recruited (mean age: 20.65 years) and assigned randomly to aerobic exercise (n = 15), cognitive training (n = 15), or dual-task (n = 16) groups. Executive functions were assessed before, immediately after, and 30 min after intervention using Go/No-go, 2-back, and More-Odd-Shifting tests. Results Working memory function improved after all three interventions (significant Time effect, F(2,86) = 7.05, p = 0.001). Performance on the 2-back test was significantly better immediately after dual-task intervention (p = 0.038) and the response time was shorter (p = 0.023). Performance on the More-Odd-Shifting test improved over time (significant Time effect, F(2,86) = 30.698, p = 0.01), both immediately after the dual-task intervention (p = 0.015), and 30 min later (p = 0.001). Shifting-test performance was also better immediately after (p = 0.005) and 30 min after (p < 0.001) aerobic exercise. Conclusion Executive function was enhanced by single-task (acute aerobic exercise or cognitive training) and dual-task interventions. The effect continued for 30 min after both the single-task aerobic exercise and the dual-task intervention. For short-term intervention, the dual-task was not more effective than either of the single tasks.

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“…The original EAS included an item on "multitasking ability (i.e., managing multiple tasks at the same time)" (Rabipour & Davidson, 2015;Rabipour et al, 2018a). This definition implies dual-tasking ability, yet multitasking can also be conceptualized as task-switching ability or switching between multiple tasks (Koch et al, 2018;Ward et al, 2019). Task-switching and dual-tasking abilities are similar yet distinct manifestations of multitasking, and it is important to clarify the distinction between these processes because they have different theoretical implications (Koch et al, 2018;Ward et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This definition implies dual-tasking ability, yet multitasking can also be conceptualized as task-switching ability or switching between multiple tasks (Koch et al, 2018;Ward et al, 2019). Task-switching and dual-tasking abilities are similar yet distinct manifestations of multitasking, and it is important to clarify the distinction between these processes because they have different theoretical implications (Koch et al, 2018;Ward et al, 2019). To account for this, we included an additional domain within the EAS to capture expectations surrounding task-switching ability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-reported Outcome Expectations of Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Are Malleable: a Registered Report that Replicates and Extends Rabipour et al. (2017)

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Building the multitasking brain: An integrated perspective on functional brain activation during task-switching and dual-tasking

Cited by 11 publications

References 45 publications

Time-Based Transition Expectancy in Task Switching: Do We Need to Know the Task to Switch to?

Time-Based Transition Expectancy in Task Switching: Do We Need to Know the Task to Switch to?

Immediate and short-term effects of single-task and motor-cognitive dual-task on executive function

Self-reported Outcome Expectations of Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Are Malleable: a Registered Report that Replicates and Extends Rabipour et al. (2017)

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