Bulk compressive properties of the heel fat pad during walking: A pilot investigation in plantar heel pain

Investigation on the load-displacement curves of a human healthy heel pad: In vivo compression data compared to numerical results

“…Due to the visco-elastic nature of the heel pad and its capability to deform under loading, when a loading/unloading cycle is applied a load-displacement curve is obtained [7] showing a characteristic hysteresis [8,9]. The mechanical behavior of the heel pad is determined by the mechanical responses of the adipose tissues and skin and by the interaction phenomena between these two tissues.…”

Minimum indentation depth for characterization of 2nd sub-metatarsal head and heel pad tissue properties

“…The constant K 2 cannot be determined if the indentation depth induced in the tissue is less than X s . Given that the average deformation of the 2nd sub-MTH and heel pad ranges from 45.7% of the unloaded thickness for the sub-MTH pad (Cavanagh, 1999) to 53.9% of the unloaded thickness for the heel pad (Wearing et al, 2009), it can be deduced that K 2 may be a more appropriate parameter for describing tissue behavior during gait, compared to K 1 , which is only applicable for deformation depths up to X s .…”

“…It has been reported that the average 2nd sub-MTH and heel pad thickness are 15.271.6 mm (Cavanagh, 1999) and 19.171.9 mm (Wearing et al, 2009) respectively. This value differs from the thickness values measured in the present study, as well as that by Chao et al (2010) and Hsu et al (1998).…”

Validation of a full body finite element model (THUMS) for running-type impacts to the lower extremity

“…The stress-strain curve to define the loading behaviour was adapted from Wearing et al (2009) and extrapolated from approximately 40% to 90% strain. The appropriate values for the unloading coefficients were determined through several iterations of the crush simulation.…”