Burnout in Competitive Junior Tennis Players: II. Qualitative Analysis

Gould, Daniel; Tuffey, Suzanne; Udry, Eileen; Loehr, James E.

doi:10.1123/tsp.10.4.341

Cited by 204 publications

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“…The number of independent samples was lower than the total number of studies (27) because multiple articles were published using data from the same original sample groups (viz., Gould et al, 1996aGould et al, , 1996bGould et al, , 1997Raedeke, 1997;Raedeke & Smith, 2001, Studies 1 & 2; Raedeke & Smith, 2004;Udry, Gould, Bridges, & Tuffey, 1997). Samples tended to be mixed gender and included athletes from a range of competitive levels and types of sport, although individual sports have received greater attention.…”

Section: Sample Characteristics Of Athlete-burnout Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the time of the reviews' publications there were no empirical studies of athlete burnout (Dale & Weinberg, 1990), and research had primarily focused on burnout in practitioners such as coaches. In the 1990s there was a shift-more investigations began exploring burnout among athletes, and a number of studies that are now considered to be classics in the field emerged (e.g., Gould, Tuffey, Udry, & Loehr, 1996a, 1996b. In the future directions of the Fender and Dale and Weinberg reviews, the authors converged on a number of key issues they believed to be significant in moving the field forward.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Burnout in Sport: A Systematic Review

Goodger

Gorely

Lavallee

et al. 2007

The Sport Psychologist

328

239

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The purpose of the present review was to provide an up-to-date summary of the burnout-in-sport literature. The last published reviews were in 1989 (Fender) and 1990 (Dale & Weinberg). In order to appreciate the status of current knowledge and understanding and to identify potential future directions, the authors conducted a synthesis of published work using a systematic-review methodology. Findings comprised 3 sections: sample characteristics, correlates, and research designs and data collection. A total of 58 published studies were assessed, most of which focused on athletes (n = 27) and coaches (n = 23). Correlates were grouped into psychological, demographic, and situational factors and were summarized as positively, negatively, indeterminate, and nonassociated with burnout. Self-report measures and cross-sectional designs have dominated research. The authors conclude by summarizing the key findings in the literature and highlighting the gaps that could be filled by future research.Burnout in the sport setting was first investigated by Caccese and Mayerberg (1984) in a study of coach burnout. Similar to many concepts in sport psychology, the original conceptualization occurred outside sport, in this case in the work domain. Herbert Freudenberger (1974) is generally considered the founding father with his study on staff burnout among volunteers at a New York drug rehabilitation clinic. Around the same time, however, Christina Maslach, a social-psychology researcher, also began to coin the term to describe a gradual process of exhaustion, cynicism, and reduced commitment among poverty lawyers. Maslach's work has continued to be instrumental in shaping the development of research in the field, and the more practitioner-based approach established by Freudenberger has forged a second tradition focused on the assessment, prevention, and treatment of the syndrome (Schaufeli & Buunk, 2003).In both the professional and sport settings the concept of burnout has been enormously popular and readily taken up. The media have been instrumental in popularizing the concept through (in the case of sport) sensational accounts of the dramatic demise of high-profile sports stars and the decline of young prodigies who fail to fulfill their potential. It has become a colloquialism in the sport community and among the wider fan base (Raedeke, 1997;Vealey, Armstrong, Comar, & Greenleaf, 1998). Use of the term burnout also conjures powerful visual images, but, despite the vividness of such images, there remains much debate as to the definition and measurement of burnout in the sport setting (Raedeke & Smith, 2001). Research on coaches and other sport practitioners has long employed the widely accepted conceptualization of burnout by Maslach and Jackson (1984). From this standpoint, burnout comprises three dimensions: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced performance accomplishment. Issues concerning the appropriateness of this conceptualization for use among athlete populations have led to the development of an athlete-...

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Section: Sample Characteristics Of Athlete-burnout Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Burnout in Sport: A Systematic Review

Goodger

Gorely

Lavallee

et al. 2007

The Sport Psychologist

328

239

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This distinction is highlighted, because perceived support (often referred to as the perception of available support) and received support (often referred to as enacted support) are considered separate constructs (Dunkel-Schetter & Bennett, 1990;Helgeson, 1993;Wethington & Kessler, 1986). The importance of receiving social support has been implicated in relation to dealing with competitive stress (Crocker, 1992), slumps in performance (Madden, Kirkby, & McDonald, 1989), and burn-out (Gould, Tuffey, Udry, & Loehr, 1996), and the recommendations from the sport psychology literature are that sportspeople should be encouraged to be proactive in harnessing social support from those around them (Gould, Jackson, & Finch, 1993a;Hardy & Crace, 1991;Richman, Hardy, Rosenfeld, & Callanan, 1989;Rosenfeld & Richman, 1997). Furthermore, although empirically it is perceived support that has been most consistently linked with the stressbuffering hypothesis (Cohen, 1988;Cohen & Wills, 1985;Wills & Shinar, 2000), theoretically both perceived and received support should aid stress-buffering (Lakey & Cohen, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stressors, social support, and effects upon performance in golf

Rees

Hardy

Freeman

2007

Journal of Sports Sciences

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In this study, we extended the work of Rees and Hardy (2004) by examining the main and stress-buffering effects of social support upon sports performance in a different context, using a different outcome measure, and a specific time-frame. A high-level performance sample of 117 male golfers (mean age 24.8, s ¼ 8.3) completed measures of social support and stressors before competitions. Performance outcome was recorded. Moderated hierarchical regression analyses revealed significant (P 5 0.05) main effects for stressors upon performance in 8 of the 11 models tested (R 2 ¼ 0.08 -0.21). Over and above the variance accounted for by stressors, there were significant (P 5 0.05) main effects for social support upon performance in all models tested (DR 2 ¼ 0.10 -0.24). In all models, stressors were associated with worse performance, whereas social support was associated with better performance. There were no significant interactions (stress-buffering effects). Main effects for social support upon performance suggest that social support may have aided performance directly, regardless of the level of stress.

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“…Miller & Kerr (2002) alluded to this imbalance when they suggested that performance excellence is often at the expense of personal DYNAMIC BALANCE, CORRECTION THEORY 11 excellence, compromising the development of the whole person, and arguably increasing the likelihood of athlete burnout and/or psychopathology. This imbalance has also been considered within research investigating the deleterious effects of perfectionism in sport (e.g., Gould, Udry, Tuffey, & Loehr, 1996;Lemyre, Hall, & Roberts, 2008). What hasn't been considered is the possibility that notions of balance and imbalance, in relation to a dynamically balanced system, might provide a new theoretical framework to help develop our understanding of performance variation and peak performance in sport.…”

Section: Balance and Sport Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

The Psychology of Dynamic Balance and Peak Performance in Sport: Correction Theory

Cowen

Nesti

Cheetham

2014

Quest

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This paper presents an introduction to a new approach to our understanding of peak performance and dysfunctional performance in sport -Correction theory. Correction theory, based within a control theory (W. Powers, 1973) and dynamical systems perspective, assumes that dynamic balance (A state in which a robust complex system will self-correct in response to imbalance) underwrites individual functioning. The central thesis presented in this paper is that an interdependent relationship exists between peak performance and dysfunctional performance in sport. Peak performance is, in part, a (corrective) response to dysfunctional performance, and vice versa. An overview of correction theory is presented, based on two propositions relating to balance. Implications of correction theory for our understanding of sporting performance are briefly considered. Keywords: dynamic balance, peak performance, correction theory DYNAMIC BALANCE, CORRECTION THEORY 3The Psychology of Dynamic Balance and Peak Performance in Sport: Correction Theory A psychological theory, if it is to be more than a technical makeshift, must base itself on the principle of opposition; for without this it could only reestablish a neurotically unbalanced psyche. There is no balance, no system of regulation without opposition. The psyche is just such a self-regulating system (Jung, 1966a, p. 61) Aphorisms such as success out of failure and triumph over adversity are commonplace within sport. One regularly hears coaches and players talk about expecting a reaction following defeat, and warning against complacency after victory; alluding to a possible interdependent relationship between success and failure rarely explored within the academic literature. The pursuit of achieving sustainable peak performances in competition is arguably one of the defining goals and challenges for elite athletes (Nesti, Littlewood, O'Halloran, Eubank, & Richardson, 2012), and for those who seek to support them. Yet variation in performance is a certainty for athletes, including at elite levels, making success and failure an inevitable part of elite athletes lived experience (Gilbourne and Richardson, 2006). Privette (1981) defined peak performance as "behaviour in any activity that transcends what normally could be expected in that situation" (p. 51). Based on this definition, peak performance refers to a higher level of functioning within any given activity (Privette, 1983), which is by definition quantitatively and/or qualitatively different to a "normal" level of performance.The qualitative nature of the subjective experiences associated with peak performance in sport has attracted significant attention in the literature (i.e., Csikszentmihalyi, 1975;Jackson, 1992, Privette, 1981Ravizza, 1977Ravizza, , 1984. Many DYNAMIC BALANCE, CORRECTION THEORY 4 of these findings suggest that peak performance is an ego-transcending experience (Maslow, 1968) consistent with the construct of flow (Young & Pain, 1999), which Jackson et al (2001) described as an optimal mental stat...

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Burnout in Competitive Junior Tennis Players: II. Qualitative Analysis

Cited by 204 publications

References 0 publications

Burnout in Sport: A Systematic Review

Burnout in Sport: A Systematic Review

Stressors, social support, and effects upon performance in golf

The Psychology of Dynamic Balance and Peak Performance in Sport: Correction Theory

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